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. 2025 Jan 2;24:2. doi: 10.1186/s12943-024-02182-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Refined metastatic signature can recapitulate the cascade of tumour migration. A Monocle 2 trajectory analysis of paired patient-derived xenograft (PDX) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and liver metastasis cells, with cells coloured by site, pseudotime, and metastatic score using UCell. B Monocle 2 trajectory analysis of paired breast cancer and lymph node metastasis cells, similarly, coloured by site, pseudotime, and metastatic score using UCell. C Differential gene expression along pseudotime for the PDX PDAC and liver metastasis pair, quality of fitting is calculated using McFadden's Pseudo R² D Differential gene expression along pseudotime for the breast cancer and lymph node metastasis pair, quality of fitting is calculated using McFadden's Pseudo R² (E) Spatial transcriptomic profiling of a breast cancer patient, scored for metastatic potential using UCell. F Trajectory analysis of the breast cancer spatial transcriptomics data, highlighting genes that drive the observed cellular trajectories