Morphology, cytoskeleton assembly, and viability of ECs cultured on the gradient coating. (a) Morphology of ECs after cultured on the coating surface for 24 h. (b) Fluorescence images of cytoskeleton of ECs after cultured on the coating surface for 24 h. (c) Fluorescence images of live/dead staining of ECs after cultured on the coating surface for 1, 3 and 5 days. (d) Number of the ECs. (e) Mean fluorescence intensity of the EC. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 using one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test.