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. 2025 Jan 2;16:334. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55630-y

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Linear sweep voltammetry curves, b kinetic current density curves, (c) E_1/2 and J_k, and (d) corresponding Tafel plots of Fe₂-N₆, Fe₁-N₄, commercial Pt/C, and C-N matrix. e LSV curves of Fe₂-N₆ in O₂-saturated 0.1 M KOH with various rotating rates. f Electron transfer number (n) and peroxide species yield of Fe₂-N₆ and commercial Pt/C. g Discharge polarization curves and corresponding power density curves of the aqueous Zn-air batteries using Fe₂-N₆ and commercial Pt/C as air electrode. h Galvanostatic discharge curves of Zn-air batteries with Fe₂-N₆ and commercial Pt/C as an air electrode at a current density of 2 mA cm^-2. i Photograph of lit red LED display powered by Zn-air batteries with Fe₂-N₆ air electrode.