Table 1. Comparison of PPy/MoS₂ sensor with reported electrochemical catalysts for the detection of Pb²⁺.

Sl. no.	Catalyst	Method of detection	LOD	Linear range	Ref.
1	Gr/PANI/SPE	SWASV	0.1 μg L−1	1–300 μg L−1	45
2	Pa/PPy/GO	DPV	0.4 μg L−1	5–150 μg L−1	46
3	F3O4 @ PANI	DPV	0.03 nM L−1	0.1 to 104 nM L−1	47
4	G/PANI/PS	SWV	3.30 μg L−1	10–550 μg L−1	48
5	PANI-MC	ASV	4 nM L−1	20–1000 nM L−1	49
6	PANI-GO	FAAS	0.04 μg L−1	0.5–10 μg L−1	16
7	G/PANI	SWASV	0.1 μg L−1	1–300 μg L−1	15
8	PANA/CPE	DPV	7.12 × 10−14 M	1 × 10−6 to 10 × 10−10 M	50
9	Ag-PANI	SWV	0.04 μM	0.1–0.2 μM	17
10	PEDOT/NT	CV	2.33 μg L−1	5–100 μg L−1	51
11	PEDOT/Sb	SWV	1.8 μg L−1	—	52
12	rGO@CNT@Fe2O3/PPy	ASV	0.1 nM	0.02 to 0.26 μM	53
13	PA/PPy/ZIF-8@ZIF-67	ASV	2.9 nM	0.02 to 200 μM
14	PPy-rGO	SWASV	4.7 × 10−11 M L−1	5 × 10−9 to 7.5 × 10−7 M L−1	54
15	PPy/UIO-66-NH2/GCE	DPASV	0.05 μg L−1	0.5 to 10 μg L−1	55
16	NiCo2O4@PPy/3D graphene	SWASV	0.2 nM	0.0125–0.709 μM	56
17	PA-doped PPy/MoS2	DPASV	1.78 μg L−1	10 to 300 μg L−1	57
18	PPy/Fe3O4 NBs	CV	0.4715 μM L−1	10 to 50 nM L−1	58
19	rGO/MWCNT/AuNP	DPV	7.1 × 10−6 nM m L−1	5 × 10−5–0.2 nM m L−1	59
20	Graphene sensors	ASV	0.5 μg L−1	30–100 μg L−1	60
21	Sn/SnO2	SWASV	2.15 μg L−1	6.2 and 20.7 μg L−1	61
22	Bi/GDY	DPASV	0.146 nM	10.0 nM to 100.0 μM	62
23	CoCu-MOF/PANI	ASV	0.39 μg L−1	—	63
24	MoS2/rGO-GCE	SWASV	0.005 μM	0.05 μM to 0.8 μM	64
25	2D-MoS2	SWASV	0.3 ppb	0 to 20 ppb	65
26	AuNPs/MoS2/GN	CV	1.0 μM	5.0 μM to 5.0 mM	66
27	CNT post-electrode	SWASV	2 nM	9.64 nM to 168.7 nM	67
28	Fe3O4@SiO2@IIP	DPV	0.05 ng mL−1	0.1 to 80 ng mL−1	68
29	Copper-based sensor	ASV	21 nM	10 μM to 25 nM	69
30	PEDOT:PSS/rGO	DPASV	0.09 ppb	1 ppb to 70 ppb	70
31	RGO–MNP	SWV	8.13 × 10−10 M	1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−3 M	71
32	PPy/MoS2	SWASV	0.03 nM	0.02 to 300 nM	This work