Fig. 16. (A) Effective electric field distribution on the device surface simulated by COMSOL.²³⁹ (B) Using microtubules, a 3 mL cell solution was added to the PDMS reservoir in the ER test setup.²³⁹ (C) Working principle of the microfluidic chip. Optical and electrical stretch devices rotate and stretch cells in particular directions.²⁴⁰ (D) Principles of electrospinning and the light-trapping and light-stretching process.²⁴¹ (E) Operating principle of an ROT chip with 3D cells.²⁴².