Table 2. Summary of biological particles manipulation and separation dielectrophoretic techniques.

Microfluidic technique	Electrophoretic mechanism	Driving mode	Particle types	Particle size	Resolution	Strengths	Limitations	Ref.
Electrode-based DEP (eDEP)	Direct electric field	Electrode drive	Cells, proteins, biomolecules	1–100 μm	90–99%	Generate high field gradients with low voltage applied	Produce the Joule heating, disintegrate electrodes	133 and 134
CDEP (contactless DEP)	Indirect electric field	Electrode drive	Bacteria, virus, exosomes	20 nm–10 μm	90–99%	The integrity of the electrode structure is excellent, reduce electrolysis	Inadequate durability and repeatability	135 and 136
Curvature induced DEP (c-iDEP)	Indirect electric field	Non-electrode drive	Cells, viruses, proteins	1 nm–10 μm	80–95%	Greater use of chip area and simplicity of fabrication	Less coverage has been presented	137 and 138
Insulator gradient DEP (iGDEP)	Indirect electric field	Non-electrode drive	Bacteria, viruses, DNA	1 nm–10 μm	70–95%	Swift and precise collection from a variety of sources	Analytes and targets must be inserted into the device from a single side	139 and 140