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. 2025 Jan 2;15:584. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84340-0

Table 2.

Demographic factors between included and excluded participants.

Demographic factor Included Excludeda P valuec
(N = 10,123)b (N = 76)b
Age (years), mean 58.83 (58.27, 59.39) 62.36 (58.01, 66.71) 0.117
Sex, % 0.518
 Men 47.26 (46.11, 48.42) 41.15 (23.5, 61.42)
 Women 52.74 (51.58, 53.89) 58.85 (38.58, 76.50)
Race/ethnicity, % 0.718
 White 67.49 (63.22, 71.48) 71.71 (56.2, 83.35)
 Black 10.62 (8.5, 13.19) 7.19 (3.43, 14.45)
 Mexican American 6.65 (5.11, 8.60) 5.90 (2.44, 13.59)
Other 15.25 (13.12, 17.65) 15.21 (7.76, 27.65)
History of arthritis, % 0.032
 Yes 38.81 (36.81, 40.81) 42.39 (26.34, 58.43)
 No 60.98 (58.98, 62.97) 55.45 (39.11, 71.79)
 Unknownd 0.22 (0.13, 0.30) 2.16 (− 2.06, 6.39)
History of congestive heart failure, % 0.029
 Yes 3.83 (3.28, 4.38) 8.31 (− 0.01, 16.63)
 No 95.91 (95.34, 96.48) 89.82 (80.90, 98.75)
 Unknownd 0.26 (0.12, 0.40) 1.87 (− 1.29, 5.02)
History of coronary heart disease, % 0.008
 Yes 5.94 (4.86, 7.03) 12.96 (2.26, 23.66)
 No 93.76 (92.66, 94.86) 84.61 (73.16, 96.06)
 Unknownd 0.30 (0.17, 0.42) 2.43 (− 1.83, 6.70)
History of angina/angina pectoris, %  < 0.001
 Yes 3.17 (2.69, 3.65) 0.68 (− 0.26, 1.62)
 No 96.56 (96.05, 97.07) 91.28 (86.43, 96.12)
 Unknownd 0.27 (0.19, 0.35) 8.04 (3.33, 12.75)
History of heart attack, %  < 0.001
 Yes 5.38 (4.56, 6.19) 3.74 (− 1.89, 9.38)
 No 94.49 (93.68, 95.31) 90.03 (80.85, 99.20)
 Unknownd 0.13 (0.04, 0.22) 6.23 (− 1.18, 13.64)
History of stroke, %  < 0.001
 Yes 4.99 (4.47, 5.50) 4.31 (− 0.52, 9.15)
 No 94.90 (94.36, 95.43) 90.57 (86.08, 95.06)
 Unknownd 0.12 (0.04, 0.19) 5.12 (− 2.08, 12.32)
History of cancer, %  < 0.001
 Yes 16.45 (15.49, 17.40) 23.47 (12.00, 34.93)
 No 83.50 (82.54, 84.47) 74.37 (62.42, 86.32)
 Unknownd 0.05 (− 0.02, 0.12) 2.16 (− 2.06, 6.39)

% Weighted percentage.

aSubject aged 40 and older without definitive answer to the question on metal implants (refused to answer or answered “don’t know”) or with missing data on metal implants.

bUnweighted sample size.

cP value determined by survey-weighted linear regression (for continuous variables) or survey-weighted Chi-square test (for categorical variables).

dParticipants who (i) refused to answer the question, (ii) answered “don’t know.” to the question, or (iii) with missing data.