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. 2024 Dec 11;111:105479. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105479

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Multiepitopic SARS-CoV-2 specific-human Th1 responses following in vivo CD40.CoV2 priming. (a) Design of the vaccination strategy. (b) AIM assays were performed on spleen cells using OLPs covering the full-length sequences of the vaccine (v)RBD, vS1, vS2, and vN antigens. Activation of SARS-CoV-2-specific human CD4+ T cells is shown as the percentage of AIM+ (OX40+ CD137+) cells within the human CD4+ subset after background subtraction. (c) Radar plots showing the proportion of antigen-specific AIM+ CD4+ T cells induced by the non-adjuvanted (blue line) or poly-ICLC-adjuvanted CD40.CoV2 vaccine (pink line). (d) Percentages of AIM+ CD4+ T cells for the total reactivity. (e) AIM+ CD4+ T-cell frequencies for the total reactivity between the negative control (NS) and antigen-specific stimulations. (f) Percentage of human CD4+ T cells producing cytokines (IFNγ and/or TNF and/or IL-2) in response to SARS-CoV-2 OLPs in spleen cells of HIS-mice after background subtraction. (g) Radar plots showing the proportion of SARS-CoV2-specific cytokines+ (Th1) CD4+ T cells induced by the non-adjuvanted (blue line) or poly-ICLC-adjuvanted CD40.CoV2 vaccine (pink line). (h) Percentages of cytokines+ (Th1) CD4+ T cells for the total reactivity. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Median and individual values from two independent experiments are shown. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. (i) Correlation between SARS-CoV-2 specific cytokines+ (Th1) CD4+ T cells (%) and AIM+ CD4+ T cells for the total reactivity (%). Statistical comparisons were performed using Spearman's correlation.