Table 1.
The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Stage 0 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | SNAP | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 37 | 28 | 131 | 15 | - |
| Age (years) | 74.42 (6.67) | 76.40 (4.98) | 74.34 (7.36) | 79.49 (8.54) | 0.038 |
| Female gender (N, %) | 13 (35.1) | 7 (25.0) | 55 (42.0) | 5 (33.3) | 0.367 |
| Education (years), | 15.38 (2.88) | 16.46 (2.71) | 15.77 (2.93) | 15.13 (2.92) | 0.394 |
| APOE ε4 carriers (N, %) | 2 (5.4) | 13 (46.4) | 94 (71.8) | 3 (20.0) | < 0.001 |
| CSF β2M-VEHSDLSFSK | 23.94 (0.41) | 23.57 (0.27) | 24.00 (0.46) | 24.33 (0.43) | < 0.001 |
| CSF β2M-VNHVTLSQPK | 28.50 (0.29) | 28.26 (0.20) | 28.56 (0.35) | 28.82 (0.34) | < 0.001 |
| Plasma β2M (ug/mL) | 0.32 (0.12) | 0.31 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.13) | 0.36 (0.15) | 0.212 |
| CSF Aβ42 (pg/ml), | 1417.84 (179.83) | 623.38 (209.25) | 590.22 (162.81) | 1235.79 (225.41) | < 0.001 |
| CSF P-tau (pg/ml), | 16.52 (2.77) | 15.90 (3.59) | 37.52 (11.30) | 34.48 (17.22) | < 0.001 |
| CSF T-tau (pg/ml), | 189.17 (28.43) | 174.21 (34.09) | 369.26 (100.69) | 359.70 (147.78) | < 0.001 |
| CSF GFAP (pg/ml), | 10.89 (0.44) | 10.92 (0.49) | 11.25 (0.51) | 11.39 (0.58) | < 0.001 |
| aCSF sTREM2 (pg/ml), | 4949.31 (2195.82) | 2973.32 (1276.08) | 4418.58 (1981.63) | 5396.33 (2017.27) | < 0.001 |
Categorical variables were reported as number and percentage; continuous variables were reported as means (SDs). P values were computed with the one-way ANOVA or kruskal–wallis test for continuous variables; with the χ2 test for categorical variables. Significant effects (P < 0.05) are shown in bold
Abbreviations: SNAP suspected non-Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, SD standard deviation, APOE Apolipoprotein E, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, β2M β2-microglobulin, Aβ42 amyloid-β1–42, P-tau phosphorylated-tau, T-tau total-tau, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, sTREM2 soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
aData were missing for CSF sTREM2 (n = 37)