Table 5.

Association between childhood factors and care package costs during adulthood

	Model 1			Model 2
	exp(β)	95% CI	P-value	exp(β)	95% CI	P-value
Severity of intellectual disability
Mild intellectual disability	Ref.			Ref.
Moderate intellectual disability	1.97	1.23–3.17	0.005	2.08	1.34–3.22	0.001
Severe intellectual disability	2.91	1.70–4.99	0.0001	2.92	1.79–4.78	0.00003
Profound intellectual disability	3.24	1.45–7.27	0.005	4.44	2.10–9.36	0.0001
Ethnicity
White	Ref.	Ref.
Asian	1.03	0.49–2.18	0.93	1.26	0.63–2.51	0.51
Black	1.56	1.01–2.40	0.045	2.01	1.33–3.02	0.001
Mixed	2.56	1.05–6.26	0.039	4.29	1.89–9.78	0.0006
Other/unknown	1.34	0.77–2.33	0.30	1.80	1.08–3.00	0.03
Presence of autism or ADHD
No autism	Ref.			Ref.
Autism	1.57	1.07–2.32	0.02	1.24	0.84–1.83	0.28
No ADHD	Ref.
ADHD	1.61	1.02–2.54	0.039	1.26	0.82–1.93	0.29
Modifiable factors
No challenging behaviour				Ref.
Challenging behaviour				1.79	1.19–2.70	0.006
No CAMHS involvement				Ref.
CAMHS involvement				0.89	0.58–1.36	0.59
No mental illness during childhood				Ref.
Mental illness during childhood				1.63	0.99–2.68	0.056
Living at a home setting at age 16				Ref.
Living in a care setting at age 16				4.93	1.83–13.28	0.002
Not a looked after child				Ref.
Looked after child				0.73	0.31–1.71	0.47

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; CAMHS, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service.