Table 1. The baseline characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Total (582) | T1(≤0.28, 194) | T2 (0.28 -≤0.42, 194) | T3 (>0.42, 194) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.07 ± 3.78 | 31.56 ± 3.57 | 32.48 ± 3.56 | 32.17 ± 4.14 | 0.050 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.03 ± 3.49 | 21.24 ± 2.98 | 22.09 ± 3.53 | 22.78 ± 3.76 | < 0.001 |
| Parity, n (%) | 0.082 | ||||
| No | 304 (52.23) | 114 (58.76) | 94 (48.45) | 96 (49.48) | |
| Yes | 278 (47.77) | 80 (41.24) | 100 (51.55) | 98 (50.52) | |
| Hepatic steatosis, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Grade 0 | 472 (81.10) | 170 (87.63) | 167 (86.08) | 135 (69.59) | |
| Grade 1 | 85 (14.60) | 23 (11.86) | 21 (10.82) | 41 (21.13) | |
| Grade 2 | 17 (2.92) | 1 (0.52) | 4 (2.06) | 12 (6.19) | |
| Grade 3 | 8 (1.37) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.03) | 6 (3.09) | |
| AST (IU/L) | 16.00 (14.00, 20.00) | 16.00 (14.00, 18.75) | 16.00 (14.00, 19.00) | 17.00 (14.00, 21.00) | 0.162 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 11.00 (8.00, 15.00) | 11.00 (8.00, 13.75) | 11.00 (8.00, 15.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 18.00) | 0.098 |
| GGT(IU/L) | 12.00 (10.00, 15.00) | 11.00 (10.00, 14.00) | 12.00 (10.00, 15.00) | 13.00 (10.00, 17.00) | 0.002 |
| Adipokines(ng/mL) | 5026.25 (2821.33, 8051.02) | 6588.00 (3778.50, 10005.25) | 5331.05 (3310.75, 8236.70) | 3278.60 (1941.53, 6069.62) | < 0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 172.85 ± 27.04 | 171.51 ± 26.67 | 171.78 ± 26.27 | 175.27 ± 28.12 | 0.312 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 119.00 ± 47.56 | 81.96 ± 19.14 | 110.70 ± 21.63 | 164.34 ± 49.60 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C(mg/dL) | 65.02 ± 13.35 | 74.08 ± 11.82 | 64.92 ± 10.91 | 56.05 ± 10.68 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C(mg/dL) | 84.04 ± 21.62 | 81.05 ± 21.04 | 84.72 ± 20.08 | 86.35 ± 23.38 | 0.047 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 76.88 ± 9.66 | 76.78 ± 10.11 | 76.73 ± 8.62 | 77.12 ± 10.22 | 0.909 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 8.40 (5.32, 11.57) | 6.40 (4.30, 9.47) | 7.90 (5.50, 10.88) | 10.65 (7.43, 15.30) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.50 (1.00, 2.30) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.87) | 1.50 (1.00, 2.20) | 2.00 (1.40, 2.88) | < 0.001 |
| RC (mg/dL) | 23.80 ± 9.52 | 16.38 ± 3.81 | 22.14 ± 4.33 | 32.87 ± 9.92 | < 0.001 |
| RC/HDL-C ratio | 0.33 (0.26, 0.47) | 0.23 (0.19, 0.26) | 0.33 (0.31, 0.37) | 0.54 (0.47, 0.66) | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) or medians (interquartile range), while categorical variables are expressed as percentages (%).
RC remnant cholesterol, BMI body mass index, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, LDL-C low-density lipid cholesterol, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance.