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. 2025 Jan 3;25(1):28. doi: 10.1007/s10238-024-01545-3

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Temporal trends of traditional hepatic dysfunction biomarkers throughout ICU stay. Linear mixed models with maximum likelihood estimation were employed to analyze changes over time in the circulating levels of traditional hepatic markers. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The x-axis represents the day of ICU stay, and the y-axis shows the mean plasma concentration of each biomarker. Data for S-HD patients are depicted in green, while S-CON patients are shown in purple. Bilirubin levels did not exhibit a significant change throughout the ICU stay in S-HD patients compared to S-CON patients. Albumin levels remained stable throughout the ICU stay in S-HD patients relative to S-CON patients. AST levels significantly decreased over the ICU stay in S-HD patients compared to S-CON patients. ALT levels did not show significant changes throughout the ICU stay in S-HD patients compared to S-CON patients. GGT levels did not significantly change over time in S-HD patients compared to S-CON patients. Note: Bilirubin is measured in μmol/L, albumin in g/L, and ALT, AST, and GGT in U/L