Table 1.
Overview of model development for included prediction models
| Author (year), country | Study design | Participants | Agea | Main outcome | Diagnostic criteria | Assessment method | Sarcopenia cases/ sample size(%) |
Predictors in final model | Performanceb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lin (2020), China | Cross-section | Aged 20 years and older, MHD | 59.2 ± 11.9 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | DXA | 14/214 (6.6%) | Total body water, body weight, gender, age |
AUC: 0.945 (men), 0.940 (women) Sensitivity: 94.1% Specificity: 98.8% PPV: 84.2% NPV: 99.6% |
| Du (2021), China | Cross-section | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | 54.11 ± 14.45 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 74/304 (24.3%) | Gender, BMI, calf circumference, predialysis creatinine |
AUC: 0.911 (95%CI 0.873–0.940) Sensitivity: 0.919 Specificity: 0.783 Accuracy: 75.40% |
| Xie (2022), China | Cross-section | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | 60.0 ± 12.5 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 77/511 (15.1%) | Age, sex, body weight, grip strength |
Youden index: 0.725 C-index: 0.929 (95% CI: 0.904–0.953) Sensitivity: 0.909 Specificity: 0.816 |
| Ding (2022), China | Cross-section | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | 59.19 ± 13.59 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | -/206 (-%) | Age, BMI, phase angle |
AUC: 0.925 (95%CI 0.892–0.958) Sensitivity: 86.8% Specificity: 79.2% |
| Wu (2022), China | Cross-section | Aged 18–65 years, PD | 54.2 ± 8.89 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 33/105 (31.4%) | Grip strength, BMI, total body water value, irisin, extracellular water, fat-free mass index, phase angle, albumin/globulin, blood phosphorus, total cholesterol, triglyceride, prealbumin |
AUC: 0.82 (95%CI 0.67-1.00) Specificity: 0.96 Sensitivity: 0.91 PPV: 0.96 NPV: 0.91 AUC: 0.84 (95%CI 0.61–0.95), Specificity: 0.92 Sensitivity: 0.73 PPV: 0.90 NPV: 0.77 |
| Bao (2022), China | Retrospective cohort | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | 67.14 ± 4.08 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 56/206 (27.2%) | Age, cognitive dysfunction, Hcy, malnutrition-inflammation score, Irisin |
AUC: 0.889 Sensitivity: 94.23% Specificity: 67.33% AUC: 0.894 Sensitivity: 95.44% Specificity: 71.22% AUC: 0.835 Sensitivity: 91.33% Specificity: 76.34% |
| Qin (2022), China | Retrospective cohort | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | Age ≥ 60 years (87.68%) | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 73/318 (22.96%) | Age, severe malnutrition, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, moderate and severe physical activity |
AUC: 0.83 (95%CI: 0.78–0.88) DCA: 0.08–0.98 |
| Zhou (2022), China | Cross-section | Aged 18–60 years, MHD | 46.00 (37.00, 53.50) | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 41/237 (17.3%) | BMI, upper arm muscle circumference, hemoglobin | AUC: 0.862 (95%CI 0.792–0.932) |
| Du (2022), China | Cross-section | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | 54 (44, 64) | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 101/589 (17.1%) | Age, BMI, calf circumference, serum creatinine |
AUC: 0.922 (95%CI 0.899–0.946) Sensitivity: 85.1% Specificity: 85.9% Youden index: 0.710 |
| Cai (2022), China | Retrospective cohort | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | Age ≥ 60 years (47.7%) | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 59/369 (16.0%) | Age, C-reactive protein, serum phosphorus, BMI, mid-upper arm muscle circumference |
AUC: 0.869 (95%CI 0.822–0.915) Sensitivity: 77% Specificity: 83% Youden index: 0.60 |
| Qin (2023), China | Prospective cohort | MHD | 58.92 ± 13.39 | Sarcopenia | AWGS | BIA | 58/246 (23.6%) | Age, years of haemodialysis, nutrition status score |
C-index: 0.919 (95%CI 0.340–0.939) AUC: 0.924 Sensitivity: 91.30% Specificity: 77.38% Youden index: 0.687 |
| Senzaki (2023), Japan | Prospective cohort | MHD | 70.2 ± 11.4 | low muscle mass | Psoas muscle mass index | CT | 150/441 (34.1%) | Grip strength, sex, height, dry weight, primary cause of end-stage renal disease, diastolic blood pressure at start of session, pre-dialysis potassium and albumin level, dialysis water removal in a session |
AUC: 0.81 Sensitivity: 60% Specificity: 87% |
| Tian (2023), China | Cross-section | Aged 18 years and older, MHD | 66.81 ± 12.95 | low muscle mass | AWGS | BIA | 84/244(34.4%) | Age, sex, BMI, handgrip strength, gait speed |
AUC: 0.906 (95%CI 0.862–0.940) Sensitivity: 85.71% Specificity: 80.62% |
MHD = maintenance hemodialysis, BIA = bioelectrical impedance analyzer, BMI = body mass index, DXA = dual X-ray absorptiometry, AUC = area under the curve, CI = condence interval, PD = peritoneal dialysis, SD = standard deviation, IQR = interquartile rage, AWGS = Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria, PPV = positive predictive value, NPV = negative predictive value, ROC = receiver operator characteristic curve, CT = computed tomography, DCA = decision curve analysis
a Age are showed in mean ± SD, median (IQR, range) or percentage according to the reported data
b C index, sensitivity (%), specicity (%), PPV/NPV (%), calibration slope, other (95%CI, if reported). Generally, we consider AUC = 0.5–0.7 as poor discrimination, 0.7–0.8 as moderate discrimination, 0.8–0.9 as good discrimination, 0.9-1.0 as excellent discrimination