Fig. 1. Different responses of japonica variety Zhonghua 11 (ZH11) and its dnr1 mutants mimicking the indica DNR1 allele to elevated CO₂.

a DNR1 transcript abundance in ZH11 shoots under ambient CO₂ (aCO₂) and elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) conditions. Transcript abundance was measured relative to ZH11 under aCO₂ (set to 1). Data are mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 biological replicates). P-value was generated from two-sided Student’s t tests. b DNR1 protein abundance in the shoots of ZH11 and dnr1 under aCO₂ and eCO₂ conditions. HSP82 serves as a loading control. The red arrow indicates the DNR1 bands. Data are representative of three independent experiments, with similar results. Aboveground biomass (c), N uptake (d), yield (e) and N-use efficiency (f) under aCO₂ and eCO₂ conditions were measured at maturity. ZH11 and dnr1 indicate japonica variety Zhonghua 11 and its dnr1 mutants, respectively. c–f Data are mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 biological replicates). P-values were generated from two-way ANOVA. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.