Fig. 2. Differences in plant growth and root developmental plasticity in response to elevated CO₂ between japonica variety Zhonghua 11 (ZH11) and its dnr1 mutants mimicking the indica DNR1 allele.

a, b 14-day-old japonica variety Zhonghua 11 (ZH11) and its dnr1 mutants (dnr1) rice plants grown under ambient CO₂ (aCO₂) and elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) conditions, respectively. Morphology of plants (a) and root systems (b). a Scale bar, 20 cm. b Scale bar, 5 cm. c Aboveground biomass. Root statistics of total length of visible roots (d), total area of visible roots (e), and number of root tips (f). ¹⁵NO₃^- uptake rates (g) and root free IAA content (h) of japonica variety ZH11 and dnr1 under aCO₂ and eCO₂ conditions. c–h Data are mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 biological replicates). P-values were generated from two-way ANOVA. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.