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. 2025 Jan 3;15:680. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84162-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Map showing the locations of the two field sites in Sweden. Three replicate blocks are present at each site, with each block consisting of plots (0.1 ha) with monocultures of each tree species planted at the site. Tree species present at each site are listed and the number of green dots indicate the number of replicate plots of each species that are found at the site (30 plots at Svartberget and 20 in Garpenberg). Photos are one replicate plot of two species (photo source: C. Spitzer). Map source: www.vemaps.com.