Table 3.
Outcomes of unit root tests that were developed for the subsequent iteration.
| Variables | CIPS |
Decision | CADF |
Decision | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | First difference | Level | First difference | |||
| EC | −3.175 | −3.313∗∗∗ | I(1) | −3.333∗∗∗ | – | I(1) |
| Technological Transfer | 3.130∗∗∗ | – | I(1) | 3.711∗∗ | – | I(1) |
| GI | 3.731∗∗ | – | I(1) | 3.533∗∗∗ | – | I(1) |
| HCD | −1.355 | −3.101∗∗∗ | I(1) | −1.517 | 3.711∗∗∗ | I(1) |
| EI | 3.553 | 3.170∗∗∗ | I(1) | −1.151 | 3.711∗∗∗ | I(1) |
| High EI | −3.735 ∗∗ | – | I(1) | −3.133∗∗ | – | I(1) |
| Low EI | 3.355 | 3.507∗∗∗ | I(1) | 1.770 | 3.711∗∗∗ | I(1) |
| REI | 3.515∗∗∗ | – | I(1) | 3.513∗∗∗ | – | I(1) |
| Innovation Index | −3.517 | −3.053∗∗ | I(1) | −3.113∗ | – | I(1) |