Table 7.

Developed and emerging nations' energy consumption outcomes result from several causes.

Dependent Variables	(1)	(3)	(3)	(5)
	Developing Countries (1–3)		Developed Countries (3–5)
	Primary-Model	Robust	Primary Model	Robust
	Sys-GMM	3SLS	Sys-GMM	3SLS
	Energy Consumption	Energy Consumption	Energy Consumption	Energy Consumption
L. Energy Consumption	1.751∗∗∗		1.077∗∗∗
	(1.155)		(1.137)
Technological Transfer	1.307∗∗∗	1.335∗∗	1.335∗∗	1.351∗∗∗
	(1.107)	(1.710)	(1.133)	(1.173)
Governance	−1.150∗∗	−1.305∗∗∗	1.155∗∗	1.171∗∗∗
	(1.111)	(1.353)	(1.133)	(1.310)
High-Level Governance	1.101∗	1.151∗∗	1.150∗∗∗	1.351∗∗∗
	(1.131)	(1.510)	(1.153)	(1.157)
Low-Level Governance	−1.373∗∗	−1.307∗	1.133∗∗	1.533∗∗
	(1.171)	(1.710)	(1.115)	(1.175)
Percent in Total Environmentally Related Tax Revenue	1.113∗∗ (1.111)	1.110∗∗∗ (1.113)	1.113∗∗ (1.111)	1.117∗∗ (1.117)
Globalization Index	−1.350	−1.535	1.135∗∗	1.375∗∗
	(1.105)	(1.103)	(1.117)	(1.313)
Urbanization	−1.115∗	−1.371∗∗	−1.173	−1.157
	(1.170)	(1.150)	(1.117)	(1.131)
FDI Effect (Dummy)	−1.355∗∗∗	−1.100∗∗	−1.135∗	−1.157∗∗
	(1.131)	(1.135)	(1.110)	(1.175)
Human Capital and Research		1.130∗∗		1.107∗∗∗
		(1.175)		(1.113)
Diagnostic test
Year Effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	577	750	735	713
AR3 (p-value)	−1.053 (1.117)		−1.755 (1.110)
AR1 (p-value)	−1.351 (1.311)		−1.311 (1.033)
Hansen (p-value)	113.111 (1.355)		131.011 (1.173)
Instruments/j. stat.	30		33
Wald test/CHI3 (p-value)	0375 (1.111)		333501 (1.111)
Sargan (p-value)	33.50 (1.330)	57.5130 (1.133)	0.703 (1.030)	5.71 (1.131)
Under-Identification Test, Anderson Canon. corr. LM Statistic (p-value)		10.573 (1.111)		31.717 (1.111)
Endogeneity Test (p-value)		5.353 (1.113)		3.170 (1.117)
Wu-Hausman (p-value)		5.353 (1.115)		3.171 (1.110)
Durbin (score) chi3(p-value)		5.351 (1.113)		3.170 (1.117)
Weak Identification Test (Cragg-Donald Wald F Statistic		17.05		13.07
Stock-Yogo weak ID test critical values criteria		Pass		Pass
BRI sample countries	73	73	70	70