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. 2025 Jan 3;16:369. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55773-y

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — By 2150, hydrogen energy is anticipated to emerge as the dominant global energy source. Throughout this transition, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower are poised to play pivotal roles; however, their inherent intermittency presents a significant challenge. Converting electrical energy to hydrogen during periods of low electricity demand can effectively facilitate energy storage and accelerate the development of hydrogen energy infrastructure. Additionally, the safe and large-scale extraction of natural hydrogen in the future is projected to supplement the shortfall in green hydrogen supply, thereby substantially advancing the hydrogen energy transition. Figure adapted from refs. ^10,18,19 with permission from Elsevier.