Table 3.
The comparison of traditional methods with the present approach.
| Analytes | Sample amount | Sample preparation |
Analytical performance |
Ref. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extraction | Clean-up | Time | Detection | LODA | LOQA | ||||
| ACE, CLO, IMI, THI and THX | 0.5 g | 4 mL pentane | centrifugation; blow-dry (40 °C) | 2.4 g of diatomaceous earth | ∼1 h | LC-MS/MS | 1–5 | 1–20 | (Jabot et al., 2015) |
| ACE, CLO, DIN, IMI, NIT, THI and THX | 1.0 g | 10 mL MeOH-EtOAc (70: 30, v: v) | rotary evaporator (60 °C) | 15 mL d-SPE EMR-Lipid tube | ∼50 min | LC-Q-TOF | 0.4–1.4 | 1.2–4.9 | (Valverde et al., 2018) |
| ACE, DIN, FLO, FLU, IMI, NIT, THI and THX | 2.0 g | 10 mL H2O, 10 mL ACN | centrifugation (4500 rpm, 5 min) | 4 g anhydrous MgSO4, 1 g Na3C6H5O7.2H2O, 0.5 g C6H6Na2O7.1.5H2O and 1 g NaCl | overnight | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 5 | (Bommuraj et al., 2019) |
| ACE, CLO, DIN, IMI, NIT, THI and THX | 2.0 g | 15 mL n-hexane- isopropanol (8:2, v: v), 10 mL H2O | centrifugation (700 rpm, 5 min); rotary evaporator (50 °C) | diatomaceous earth cartridges | / | LC-MS | 0.4–2.6 | 1.5–6.0 | (Karen, José, María, María, & José, 2013) |
| ACE, CLO, CYP, DIN, IMI, NIT, THI and THX | 5.0 g | 10 mL H2O, 10 mL ACN | centrifugation (10,000 rcf, 13 min); rotary evaporator | 4 g anhydrous MgSO4, 1 g Na3C6H5O7.2H2O, 0.5 g C6H6Na2O7.1.5H2O and 1 g NaCl; 1 g anhydrous CaCl2, 300 mg PSA | ∼2 h | LC-MS/MS | 3 | 10 | (El Agrebi et al., 2020) |
| ACE, CLO, DIN, IMI, NIT, THI and THX | 2.0 g | 15 mL n-hexane- isopropanol (8:2, v: v), 10 mL H2O | centrifugation (700 rpm, 5 min) | diatomaceous earth cartridges | ∼1.5 h | CE-MS | 1.0–2.3 | 3.5–7.2 | (Sánchez-Hernández et al., 2014) |
| IMI, THI and THX | 2.0 g | 10 mL ACN | freezer (−18 °C, 2 h); centrifugation (3000 U, 5 min) | 25 mg PSA, 25 mg C18 | ∼2 h | LC-MS/MS | / | 10 | (Niell et al., 2014) |
| ACE, IMI and THX | 2.0 g | 10 mL ACN | freezer (−18 °C, 2 h); centrifugation (3000 U, 5 min) | 25 mg PSA, 25 mg C18 | ∼2 h | LC-MS/MS | 0.3 | 1 | (Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018) |
| ACE, CLO, CYP, DIN, FLO, FLU, IMI, IMZ, NIT, SUL, THI and THX | 5.0 g | 1 mL DES | layering process (75 °C, 2 min) | / | 30 min | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.1–0.5 | 0.4–1.0 | This work |
A: concentration unit: μg/L.