Table 1.

Baseline training and exam scores.

		Basic pad group	3D-printed model group	P value
First training (all using basic pad)	Score	69.4 ± 11.2	74.6 ± 8.5	0.313
	Time (min)	9.3 ± 1.9	9.1 ± 1.2	0.735
Fourth training (all using basic pad)	Score	94.8 ± 4.6	94.2 ± 4.2	0.829
	Time (min)	7.4 ± 1.4	8.2 ± 0.8	0.222
Exam 1 (biliary-enteric anastomosis)	Score	28.3 ± 1.7	31.6 ± 1.7	0.001
	Time (min)	15.1 ± 2.2	14.9 ± 2.5	0.818
First laparoscopic training (all using basic pad)	Score	50.2 ± 1.8	50.1 ± 1.7	0.902
	Time (min)	29.6 ± 1.7	29.7 ± 1.6	0.905
Exam 2 (laparoscopic side-to-side anastomosis)	Score	25.6 ± 1.6	30.0 ± 1.9	<0.001
	Time (min)	35.2 ± 8.5	26.7 ± 3.0	0.018