Table 3.

Direct effects of the distal and proximal influences on oral pain and self-rated oral health status based on conceptual framework (Figure 1). Data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia.

Pathway			5-14 years										15-24 years										≥25 years
			βa		SE		P value		95% CI			β			SE		P value		95% CI			β			SE		P value		95% CI
Oral pain
	Age	0.009		0.011		.426		–0.013		0.030	0.006			0.010		.54		–0.014		0.026	–0.010			0.010		.33		–0.029		0.010
	Sex	0.017		0.009		.06		–0.001		0.035	0.003			0.011		.76		–0.018		0.024	0.008			0.011		.43		–0.012		0.029
	Citizenship	–0.081		0.014		<.001 d		–0.109		–0.053	–0.004			0.016		.81		–0.035		0.027	–0.015			0.013		.23		–0.040		0.010
	Region	–0.006		0.009		.465		–0.024		0.011	–0.018			0.010		.07		–0.038		0.002	–0.046			0.013		<.001		–0.071		–0.021
	Marital status (≥25 years only)	—e		—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—	0.022			0.015		.13		–0.006		0.051
	Education (≥25 years only)	—		—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—	–0.006			0.014		.67		–0.033		0.021
	Monthly household income	–0.030		0.013		.02		–0.055		–0.004	0.010			0.015		.49		–0.019		0.039	–0.021			0.015		.16		–0.050		0.008
	Household crowding (5-14 years only)	0.002		0.016		.89		–0.029		0.033	—			—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—
	Health insurance	–0.036		0.017		.033		–0.068		–0.003	0.051			0.018		.004		0.016		0.085	0.042			0.015		<.001		0.012		0.072
	Access to health care	0.195		0.010		<.001		0.175		0.215	0.009			0.010		.34		–0.010		0.029	0.015			0.010		.11		–0.003		0.034
	Source of care	0.053		0.016		.001		0.022		0.083	0.012			0.014		.41		–0.016		0.040	–0.001			0.016		.94		–0.032		0.030
	Accident	0.051		0.010		<.001		0.032		0.070	0.028			0.009		.002		0.010		0.046	0.007			0.013		.60		–0.019		0.032
	Disability	0.012		0.009		.16		–0.005		0.030	0.008			0.009		.38		–0.009		0.025	0.027			0.008		.001		0.011		0.042
	BMI (kg/m2)	0.015		0.011		.18		–0.007		0.038	–0.033			0.011		.003		–0.055		–0.011	–0.013			0.011		.27		–0.035		0.010
	Sweets consumption frequency	0.007		0.010		.52		–0.014		0.027	0.033			0.012		.007		0.009		0.057	0.019			0.012		.10		–0.004		0.041
	Soft drinks consumption	0.021		0.011		.058		–0.001		0.043	–0.034			0.012		.005		–0.058		–0.01	–0.023			0.012		.06		–0.047		0.001
	Smoking (≥25 years only)	—		—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—	0.045			0.012		<.001		0.021		0.069
	Tooth brushing frequency	–0.038		0.010		<.001		–0.057		–0.018	–0.098			0.01		<.001		–0.118		–0.078	–0.079			0.011		<.001		–0.101		–0.058
	Dental visits frequency	0.510		0.012		<.001		0.486		0.534	0.614			0.01		<.001		0.594		0.633	0.577			0.012		<.001		0.554		0.600
	Type of visit	–0.064		0.014		<.001		–0.090		–0.037	–0.063			0.015		<.001		–0.092		–0.034	–0.088			0.016		<.001		–0.120		–0.056
Self-rated oral health status
	Age	–0.044		0.013		.001		–0.069		–0.018	–0.033			0.013		.008		–0.058		–0.009	0.013			0.011		.22		–0.008		0.035
	Sex	–0.030		0.011		.009		–0.052		–0.007	0.023			0.013		.09		–0.003		0.048	–0.020			0.012		.11		–0.045		0.004
	Citizenship	0.067		0.018		<.001		0.032		0.102	0.013			0.020		.53		–0.026		0.051	–0.050			0.015		.001		–0.080		–0.020
	Region	–0.080		0.012		<.001		–0.103		–0.057	–0.014			0.013		.26		–0.039		0.011	–0.008			0.014		.55		–0.035		0.019
	Marital status (≥25 years only)	—		—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—	–0.009			0.019		.62		–0.046		0.027
	Education (≥25 years only)	—		—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—	0.046			0.015		.003		0.016		0.077
	Monthly household income	0.073		0.016		<.001		0.042		0.104	0.018			0.018		.31		–0.017		0.053	–0.028			0.018		.11		–0.063		0.006
	Household crowding (5-14 years only)	–0.045		0.020		.02		–0.084		–0.006	—			—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—
	Health insurance	–0.014		0.020		.49		–0.053		0.025	–0.160			0.021		<.001		–0.201		–0.119	–0.135			0.018		<.001		–0.171		–0.099
	Access to health care	–0.096		0.013		<.001		–0.122		–0.071	0.045			0.013		.001		0.019		0.070	0.016			0.011		.14		–0.005		0.038
	Source of care	–0.136		0.018		<.001		–0.172		–0.100	–0.001			0.017		.96		–0.035		0.033	0.019			0.018		.29		–0.017		0.055
	Accident	–0.033		0.012		.007		–0.057		–0.009	–0.011			0.014		.44		–0.038		0.016	–0.043			0.011		<.001		–0.065		–0.022
	Disability	–0.016		0.010		.12		–0.036		0.004	–0.078			0.018		<.001		–0.112		–0.044	–0.049			0.018		.006		–0.085		–0.014
	BMI	0.051		0.013		<.001		0.025		0.077	0.093			0.013		<.001		0.067		0.118	0.067			0.013		<.001		0.042		0.093
	Sweets consumption frequency	–0.086		0.013		<.001		–0.112		–0.061	–0.079			0.015		<.001		–0.109		–0.05	–0.065			0.014		<.001		–0.092		–0.039
	Soft drinks consumption	0.022		0.013		.10		–0.004		0.048	0.063			0.015		<.001		0.035		0.092	0.068			0.014		<.001		0.040		0.096
	Smoking (≥25 years only)	—		—		—		—		—	—			—		—		—		—	–0.012			0.015		.40		–0.042		0.017
	Tooth brushing frequency	0.129		0.013		<.001		0.104		0.154	0.162			0.014		<.001		0.135		0.189	0.158			0.014		<.001		0.131		0.186
	Dental visits frequency	–0.130		0.014		<.001		–0.157		–0.104	–0.143			0.014		<.001		–0.17		–0.116	–0.132			0.015		<.001		–0.161		–0.104
	Type of visit	0.021		0.015		.18		–0.010		0.051	0.046			0.015		.002		0.017		0.075	0.047			0.015		.001		0.018		0.075

^aβ: standardized regression weights.

^bSignificant pathways in italic font.

^cNot applicable.