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. 2024 Dec 20;10:e53585. doi: 10.2196/53585

Table 4.

Total indirect effects for the distal influences on oral pain and self-rated oral health status based on conceptual framework (Figure 1). Data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia.

Pathway 5–14 years 15–24 years ≥25 years

βa SE P value 95% CI β SE P value 95% CI β SE P value 95% CI
Oral pain

Age 0.062 0.007 <.001 b 0.048 0.077 0.015 0.008 .06 –0.001 0.030 –0.002 0.007 .83 –0.016 0.013

Sex 0.000 0.006 .97 –0.011 0.011 –0.003 0.009 .73 –0.020 0.014 –0.016 0.008 .04 –0.032 –0.001

Citizenship –0.004 0.009 .66 –0.022 0.014 0.026 0.014 .06 –0.001 0.053 0.023 0.009 .02 0.004 0.041

Region 0.027 0.006 <.001 0.016 0.037 –0.014 0.009 .11 –0.032 0.003 0.000 0.009 .96 –0.017 0.018

Marital status (≥25 years only) c 0.003 0.014 .86 –0.025 0.030

Education (≥25 years only) 0.010 0.011 .37 –0.012 0.031

Monthly household monthly income 0.024 0.008 .003 0.008 0.040 –0.006 0.012 .60 –0.029 0.017 0.010 0.012 .43 –0.014 0.033

Household crowding (5-14 years only) –0.010 0.009 .30 –0.028 0.009

Health insurance –0.023 0.010 .03 –0.043 –0.003 –0.024 0.017 .17 –0.058 0.010 –0.019 0.013 .13 –0.043 0.006

Access to health care 0.215 0.007 <.001 0.202 0.227 –0.012 0.009 .17 –0.028 0.005 –0.010 0.007 .15 –0.023 0.003

Source of care –0.014 0.010 .17 –0.033 0.006 –0.016 0.012 .20 –0.039 0.008 –0.018 0.012 .14 –0.041 0.006

Accident 0.038 0.006 <.001 0.026 0.050 0.014 0.009 .10 –0.003 0.031 –0.016 0.009 .06 –0.033 0.001

Disability 0.007 0.006 .21 –0.004 0.019 –0.004 0.009 .66 –0.023 0.014 0.004 0.010 .68 –0.016 0.024

BMI (kg/m2) 0.015 0.007 .03 0.001 0.028 –0.014 0.009 .12 –0.032 0.004 –0.020 0.008 .02 –0.036 –0.004
Self-rated oral health status

Age 0.000 0.005 .97 –0.009 0.009 –0.006 0.003 .07 –0.012 0.000 0.001 0.003 .62 –0.004 0.006

Sex 0.006 0.003 .04 0.000 0.011 0.001 0.003 .78 –0.005 0.007 0.006 0.003 .03 0.001 0.012

Citizenship 0.005 0.004 .20 –0.002 0.012 –0.004 0.005 .42 –0.014 0.006 –0.005 0.004 .20 –0.012 0.002

Region –0.019 0.003 <.001 –0.024 –0.014 0.003 0.004 .36 –0.004 0.011 –0.003 0.005 .53 –0.013 0.006

Marital status (≥25 years only) –0.003 0.005 .58 –0.013 0.007

Education (≥25 years only) 0.004 0.004 .30 –0.004 0.012

Monthly household income –0.003 0.003 .42 –0.010 0.004 0.000 0.005 .98 –0.009 0.009 0.000 0.005 .97 –0.009 0.009

Household crowding (5-14 years only) 0.003 0.004 .50 –0.005 0.010

Health insurance 0.003 0.004 .53 –0.006 0.011 0.007 0.007 .28 –0.006 0.021 –0.012 0.006 .04 –0.023 0.000

Access to health care –0.068 0.006 <.001 –0.080 –0.056 0.005 0.003 .14 –0.002 0.012 0.009 0.003 .002 0.003 0.014

Source of care 0.012 0.005 .009 0.003 0.021 0.006 0.005 .18 –0.003 0.015 0.010 0.004 .03 0.001 0.018

Accident –0.007 0.002 .003 –0.012 –0.003 –0.003 0.003 .36 –0.010 0.004 0.008 0.003 .01 0.002 0.014

Disability –0.001 0.002 .77 –0.005 0.004 0.001 0.003 .74 –0.005 0.008 0.000 0.003 .96 –0.006 0.006

BMI –0.004 0.003 .10 –0.010 0.001 0.006 0.003 .09 –0.001 0.013 0.004 0.003 .19 –0.002 0.010

aβ: standardized regression weights.

bSignificant pathways in italic font.

cNot applicable.