Table 4.
Total indirect effects for the distal influences on oral pain and self-rated oral health status based on conceptual framework (Figure 1). Data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia.
| Pathway | 5–14 years | 15–24 years | ≥25 years | |||||||||||||||
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βa | SE | P value | 95% CI | β | SE | P value | 95% CI | β | SE | P value | 95% CI | ||||||
| Oral pain | ||||||||||||||||||
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Age | 0.062 | 0.007 | <.001 b | 0.048 | 0.077 | 0.015 | 0.008 | .06 | –0.001 | 0.030 | –0.002 | 0.007 | .83 | –0.016 | 0.013 | ||
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Sex | 0.000 | 0.006 | .97 | –0.011 | 0.011 | –0.003 | 0.009 | .73 | –0.020 | 0.014 | –0.016 | 0.008 | .04 | –0.032 | –0.001 | ||
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Citizenship | –0.004 | 0.009 | .66 | –0.022 | 0.014 | 0.026 | 0.014 | .06 | –0.001 | 0.053 | 0.023 | 0.009 | .02 | 0.004 | 0.041 | ||
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Region | 0.027 | 0.006 | <.001 | 0.016 | 0.037 | –0.014 | 0.009 | .11 | –0.032 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.009 | .96 | –0.017 | 0.018 | ||
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Marital status (≥25 years only) | —c | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.003 | 0.014 | .86 | –0.025 | 0.030 | ||
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Education (≥25 years only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.010 | 0.011 | .37 | –0.012 | 0.031 | ||
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Monthly household monthly income | 0.024 | 0.008 | .003 | 0.008 | 0.040 | –0.006 | 0.012 | .60 | –0.029 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.012 | .43 | –0.014 | 0.033 | ||
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Household crowding (5-14 years only) | –0.010 | 0.009 | .30 | –0.028 | 0.009 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
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Health insurance | –0.023 | 0.010 | .03 | –0.043 | –0.003 | –0.024 | 0.017 | .17 | –0.058 | 0.010 | –0.019 | 0.013 | .13 | –0.043 | 0.006 | ||
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Access to health care | 0.215 | 0.007 | <.001 | 0.202 | 0.227 | –0.012 | 0.009 | .17 | –0.028 | 0.005 | –0.010 | 0.007 | .15 | –0.023 | 0.003 | ||
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Source of care | –0.014 | 0.010 | .17 | –0.033 | 0.006 | –0.016 | 0.012 | .20 | –0.039 | 0.008 | –0.018 | 0.012 | .14 | –0.041 | 0.006 | ||
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Accident | 0.038 | 0.006 | <.001 | 0.026 | 0.050 | 0.014 | 0.009 | .10 | –0.003 | 0.031 | –0.016 | 0.009 | .06 | –0.033 | 0.001 | ||
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Disability | 0.007 | 0.006 | .21 | –0.004 | 0.019 | –0.004 | 0.009 | .66 | –0.023 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.010 | .68 | –0.016 | 0.024 | ||
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BMI (kg/m2) | 0.015 | 0.007 | .03 | 0.001 | 0.028 | –0.014 | 0.009 | .12 | –0.032 | 0.004 | –0.020 | 0.008 | .02 | –0.036 | –0.004 | ||
| Self-rated oral health status | ||||||||||||||||||
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|
Age | 0.000 | 0.005 | .97 | –0.009 | 0.009 | –0.006 | 0.003 | .07 | –0.012 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | .62 | –0.004 | 0.006 | ||
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Sex | 0.006 | 0.003 | .04 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.003 | .78 | –0.005 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.003 | .03 | 0.001 | 0.012 | ||
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Citizenship | 0.005 | 0.004 | .20 | –0.002 | 0.012 | –0.004 | 0.005 | .42 | –0.014 | 0.006 | –0.005 | 0.004 | .20 | –0.012 | 0.002 | ||
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Region | –0.019 | 0.003 | <.001 | –0.024 | –0.014 | 0.003 | 0.004 | .36 | –0.004 | 0.011 | –0.003 | 0.005 | .53 | –0.013 | 0.006 | ||
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Marital status (≥25 years only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | –0.003 | 0.005 | .58 | –0.013 | 0.007 | ||
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Education (≥25 years only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.004 | 0.004 | .30 | –0.004 | 0.012 | ||
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Monthly household income | –0.003 | 0.003 | .42 | –0.010 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.005 | .98 | –0.009 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.005 | .97 | –0.009 | 0.009 | ||
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Household crowding (5-14 years only) | 0.003 | 0.004 | .50 | –0.005 | 0.010 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
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Health insurance | 0.003 | 0.004 | .53 | –0.006 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.007 | .28 | –0.006 | 0.021 | –0.012 | 0.006 | .04 | –0.023 | 0.000 | ||
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Access to health care | –0.068 | 0.006 | <.001 | –0.080 | –0.056 | 0.005 | 0.003 | .14 | –0.002 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.003 | .002 | 0.003 | 0.014 | ||
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Source of care | 0.012 | 0.005 | .009 | 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.005 | .18 | –0.003 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.004 | .03 | 0.001 | 0.018 | ||
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Accident | –0.007 | 0.002 | .003 | –0.012 | –0.003 | –0.003 | 0.003 | .36 | –0.010 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.003 | .01 | 0.002 | 0.014 | ||
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Disability | –0.001 | 0.002 | .77 | –0.005 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.003 | .74 | –0.005 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.003 | .96 | –0.006 | 0.006 | ||
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BMI | –0.004 | 0.003 | .10 | –0.010 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.003 | .09 | –0.001 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.003 | .19 | –0.002 | 0.010 | ||
aβ: standardized regression weights.
bSignificant pathways in italic font.
cNot applicable.