Table 5.
Total effects for the distal influences on oral pain and self-rated oral health status based on conceptual framework (Figure 1). Data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia.
| Pathway | 5–14 years | 15–24 years | ≥25 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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βa | SE | P value | 95% CI | β | SE | P value | 95% CI | β | SE | P value | 95% CI | ||||||||||||||||||
| Oral pain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Age | 0.071 | 0.012 | <.001 b | 0.047 | 0.095 | 0.021 | 0.013 | .10 | –0.004 | 0.046 | –0.011 | 0.011 | .31 | –0.033 | 0.010 | ||||||||||||||
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Sex | 0.017 | 0.011 | .11 | –0.004 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.013 | .98 | –0.026 | 0.026 | –0.008 | 0.012 | .52 | –0.032 | 0.016 | ||||||||||||||
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Citizenship | –0.085 | 0.017 | <.001 | –0.119 | –0.052 | 0.022 | 0.021 | .27 | –0.018 | 0.063 | 0.008 | 0.015 | .61 | –0.022 | 0.037 | ||||||||||||||
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Region | 0.020 | 0.011 | .06 | –0.001 | 0.041 | –0.033 | 0.013 | .01 | –0.058 | –0.008 | –0.045 | 0.013 | <.001 | –0.070 | –0.021 | ||||||||||||||
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Marital status (≥25 years only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.025 | 0.021 | .23 | –0.015 | 0.065 | ||||||||||||||
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Education (≥25 years only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.004 | 0.017 | .82 | –0.029 | 0.036 | ||||||||||||||
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Monthly household income | –0.006 | 0.016 | .72 | –0.037 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.019 | .83 | –0.032 | 0.040 | –0.011 | 0.018 | .52 | –0.046 | 0.023 | ||||||||||||||
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Household crowding (5-14 years only) | –0.008 | 0.018 | .68 | –0.043 | 0.028 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
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Health insurance | –0.058 | 0.020 | .003 | –0.097 | –0.020 | 0.027 | 0.024 | .26 | –0.020 | 0.073 | 0.023 | 0.018 | .20 | –0.013 | 0.059 | ||||||||||||||
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Access to health care | 0.410 | 0.010 | <.001 | 0.390 | 0.430 | –0.002 | 0.013 | .86 | –0.028 | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.011 | .61 | –0.016 | 0.028 | ||||||||||||||
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Source of care | 0.039 | 0.018 | .03 | 0.003 | 0.074 | –0.004 | 0.018 | .83 | –0.039 | 0.032 | –0.019 | 0.018 | .30 | –0.055 | 0.017 | ||||||||||||||
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Accident | 0.089 | 0.012 | <.001 | 0.067 | 0.112 | 0.042 | 0.013 | .001 | 0.017 | 0.067 | –0.009 | 0.014 | .51 | –0.037 | 0.018 | ||||||||||||||
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Disability | 0.020 | 0.011 | .07 | –0.002 | 0.042 | 0.004 | 0.012 | .77 | –0.021 | 0.028 | 0.031 | 0.013 | .02 | 0.005 | 0.057 | ||||||||||||||
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BMI | 0.030 | 0.013 | .02 | 0.004 | 0.056 | –0.047 | 0.014 | .001 | –0.074 | –0.020 | –0.032 | 0.014 | .02 | –0.059 | –0.006 | ||||||||||||||
| Self-rated oral health status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Age | –0.044 | 0.013 | .001 | –0.069 | –0.018 | –0.039 | 0.013 | .002 | –0.063 | –0.014 | 0.015 | 0.011 | .19 | –0.007 | 0.037 | ||||||||||||||
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Sex | –0.024 | 0.012 | .04 | –0.047 | –0.002 | 0.023 | 0.013 | .08 | –0.003 | 0.050 | –0.014 | 0.013 | .29 | –0.039 | 0.011 | ||||||||||||||
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Citizenship | 0.072 | 0.018 | <.001 | 0.037 | 0.107 | 0.008 | 0.020 | .67 | –0.030 | 0.047 | –0.055 | 0.016 | <.001 | –0.085 | –0.024 | ||||||||||||||
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Region | –0.099 | 0.012 | <.001 | –0.121 | –0.076 | –0.011 | 0.013 | .39 | –0.036 | 0.014 | –0.011 | 0.013 | .40 | –0.037 | 0.015 | ||||||||||||||
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Marital status (25+ only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | –0.012 | 0.019 | .53 | –0.050 | 0.026 | ||||||||||||||
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Education (≥25 years only) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.050 | 0.016 | .002 | 0.019 | 0.082 | ||||||||||||||
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Monthly household income | 0.070 | 0.016 | <.001 | 0.038 | 0.101 | 0.018 | 0.018 | .31 | –0.017 | 0.054 | –0.028 | 0.019 | .14 | –0.064 | 0.009 | ||||||||||||||
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Household crowding (5-14 years only) | –0.043 | 0.020 | .03 | –0.081 | –0.005 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
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Health insurance | –0.011 | 0.020 | .58 | –0.050 | 0.028 | –0.152 | 0.022 | <.001 | –0.195 | –0.109 | –0.146 | 0.018 | <.001 | –0.182 | –0.110 | ||||||||||||||
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Access to health care | –0.164 | 0.011 | <.001 | –0.187 | –0.142 | 0.050 | 0.013 | <.001 | 0.024 | 0.075 | 0.025 | 0.011 | .03 | 0.003 | 0.047 | ||||||||||||||
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Source of care | –0.124 | 0.018 | <.001 | –0.160 | –0.088 | 0.005 | 0.018 | .77 | –0.029 | 0.040 | 0.029 | 0.019 | .12 | –0.007 | 0.065 | ||||||||||||||
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Accident | –0.040 | 0.012 | .001 | –0.064 | –0.016 | –0.014 | 0.013 | .29 | –0.039 | 0.012 | –0.036 | 0.012 | .002 | –0.059 | –0.013 | ||||||||||||||
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Disability | –0.017 | 0.011 | .14 | –0.039 | 0.005 | –0.077 | 0.016 | <.001 | –0.109 | –0.045 | –0.050 | 0.018 | .005 | –0.085 | –0.015 | ||||||||||||||
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BMI | 0.047 | 0.013 | <.001 | 0.021 | 0.073 | 0.099 | 0.013 | <.001 | 0.072 | 0.125 | 0.071 | 0.014 | <.001 | 0.045 | 0.098 | ||||||||||||||
aβ: standardized regression weights.
bSignificant pathways in italic font.
cNot applicable.