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. 2025 Jan 4;13:1. doi: 10.1186/s40478-024-01909-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Manhattan and QQ plots of SNP-based and Gene-Based female-specific GWAS results of neuropathological features of AD (n = 2660). Dotted red lines represent the threshold for genomewide significance (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸) and Bonferroni correction for the gene-based analyses. A ncAD female-specific GWAS. B Gene-based analysis for ncAD female-specific case–control sample. C Braak stage female-specific GWAS. D Gene-based analysis for Braak stage in females. E NP score female-specific GWAS. F Gene-based analysis for NP score in females