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. 2025 Jan 4;15:765. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85468-3

Table 1.

Sex-based baseline characteristics of participants (n = 368).

Total
(n = 368)
Male
(n = 211)
Female
(n = 157)
P value
Age (years) 71.36 ± 4.78 71.61 ± 4.64 71.02 ± 4.97 0.121
65–75 (n, %) 280 (76.1) 159 (75.4) 121 (77.1) 0.703
≥ 75 (n, %) 88 (23.9) 52 (24.6) 36 (22.9)
Height (cm) 158.23 ± 8.25 162.74 ± 6.27 152.15 ± 6.50 < 0.001
Weight (kg) 60.70 ± 10.04 63.79 ± 9.76 56.54 ± 8.87 < 0.001
BMI (kg/m2) 24.24 ± 3.33 24.10 ± 3.32 24.44 ± 3.35 0.44
Underweight (n, %) 17 (4.6) 13 (6.2) 4 (2.5) 0.423
Healthy (n, %) 162 (44.0) 92 (43.6) 70 (44.6)
Overweight (n, %) 139 (37.8) 79 (37.4) 60 (38.2)
Obesity (n, %) 50 (13.6) 27 (12.8) 23 (14.6)
Waist circumstance (cm) 90.70 ± 9.65 90.73 ± 9.27 90.66 ± 10.17 0.538
Hip circumstance (cm) 99.74 ± 8.84 100.12 ± 9.56 99.23 ± 7.77 0.157
25(OH)D (ng/ml) 34.80 (26.60–42.88) 40.70 (33.80–43.80) 27.30 (22.45–34.0) < 0.001
Vitamin D insufficiency (n, %) 25 (6.8) 2 (0.9) 23 (14.6) < 0.001
TSH (mIU/L) 2.37 (1.66–3.72) 2.33 (1.65–3.78) 2.43 (1.73–3.65) 0.664
FBG (mM) 5.36 (5.02–5.87) 5.33 (5.03–5.84) 5.38 (5.02–5.90) 0.581
HbAlc (%) 5.70 (5.53–6.10) 5.70 (5.50–6.0) 5.80 (5.60–6.20) 0.048
FINS (µU/ml) 4.95 (3.04–7.36) 3.87 (2.22–6.24) 6.40 (4.22–8.84) < 0.001
HOMA-IR 1.20 (0.71–1.88) 0.94 (0.52–1.60) 1.63 (1.06–2.36) < 0.001
TC (mM) 4.66 (4.08–5.38) 4.46 (3.92–5.19) 4.88 (4.23–5.58) < 0.001
TG (mM) 1.18 (0.88–1.66) 1.03 (0.81–1.42) 1.31 (1.04–2.02) < 0.001
HDL-C (mM) 1.31 (1.08–1.52) 1.29 (1.07–1.55) 1.33 (1.10–1.50) 0.813
LDL-C (mM) 2.85 (2.33–3.40) 2.72 (2.26–3.29) 3.04 (2.48–3.43) 0.015
Calf circumference (cm) 34.17 ± 3.22 34.45 ± 3.24 33.78 ± 3.16 0.029
HGS (kg) 26.24 ± 6.85 28.90 ± 6.86 22.67 ± 4.96 < 0.001
Low HGS (n, %) 123 (33.4) 94 (44.5) 29 (18.5) < 0.001
SMI (kg/m2) 7.11 ± 1.0 7.41 ± 0.71 6.71 ± 1.18 < 0.001
6-meter gait speed (m/s) 1.03 ± 0.20 1.06 ± 0.19 0.98 ± 0.21 0.001
Time to complete 5 sit-to-stand movements (s) 16.01 ± 3.97 15.91 ± 4.39 16.15 ± 3.33 0.087
SPPB ≤ 9 points (n, %) 143 (38.9) 61 (28.9) 82 (52.2) < 0.001
Sarcopenia (n, %) 79 (21.5) 62 (29.4) 17 (10.8) < 0.001

BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HGS, handgrip strength; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.