Table 1.
Sex-based baseline characteristics of participants (n = 368).
| Total (n = 368) |
Male (n = 211) |
Female (n = 157) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71.36 ± 4.78 | 71.61 ± 4.64 | 71.02 ± 4.97 | 0.121 |
| 65–75 (n, %) | 280 (76.1) | 159 (75.4) | 121 (77.1) | 0.703 |
| ≥ 75 (n, %) | 88 (23.9) | 52 (24.6) | 36 (22.9) | |
| Height (cm) | 158.23 ± 8.25 | 162.74 ± 6.27 | 152.15 ± 6.50 | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.70 ± 10.04 | 63.79 ± 9.76 | 56.54 ± 8.87 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.24 ± 3.33 | 24.10 ± 3.32 | 24.44 ± 3.35 | 0.44 |
| Underweight (n, %) | 17 (4.6) | 13 (6.2) | 4 (2.5) | 0.423 |
| Healthy (n, %) | 162 (44.0) | 92 (43.6) | 70 (44.6) | |
| Overweight (n, %) | 139 (37.8) | 79 (37.4) | 60 (38.2) | |
| Obesity (n, %) | 50 (13.6) | 27 (12.8) | 23 (14.6) | |
| Waist circumstance (cm) | 90.70 ± 9.65 | 90.73 ± 9.27 | 90.66 ± 10.17 | 0.538 |
| Hip circumstance (cm) | 99.74 ± 8.84 | 100.12 ± 9.56 | 99.23 ± 7.77 | 0.157 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | 34.80 (26.60–42.88) | 40.70 (33.80–43.80) | 27.30 (22.45–34.0) | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin D insufficiency (n, %) | 25 (6.8) | 2 (0.9) | 23 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| TSH (mIU/L) | 2.37 (1.66–3.72) | 2.33 (1.65–3.78) | 2.43 (1.73–3.65) | 0.664 |
| FBG (mM) | 5.36 (5.02–5.87) | 5.33 (5.03–5.84) | 5.38 (5.02–5.90) | 0.581 |
| HbAlc (%) | 5.70 (5.53–6.10) | 5.70 (5.50–6.0) | 5.80 (5.60–6.20) | 0.048 |
| FINS (µU/ml) | 4.95 (3.04–7.36) | 3.87 (2.22–6.24) | 6.40 (4.22–8.84) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.20 (0.71–1.88) | 0.94 (0.52–1.60) | 1.63 (1.06–2.36) | < 0.001 |
| TC (mM) | 4.66 (4.08–5.38) | 4.46 (3.92–5.19) | 4.88 (4.23–5.58) | < 0.001 |
| TG (mM) | 1.18 (0.88–1.66) | 1.03 (0.81–1.42) | 1.31 (1.04–2.02) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mM) | 1.31 (1.08–1.52) | 1.29 (1.07–1.55) | 1.33 (1.10–1.50) | 0.813 |
| LDL-C (mM) | 2.85 (2.33–3.40) | 2.72 (2.26–3.29) | 3.04 (2.48–3.43) | 0.015 |
| Calf circumference (cm) | 34.17 ± 3.22 | 34.45 ± 3.24 | 33.78 ± 3.16 | 0.029 |
| HGS (kg) | 26.24 ± 6.85 | 28.90 ± 6.86 | 22.67 ± 4.96 | < 0.001 |
| Low HGS (n, %) | 123 (33.4) | 94 (44.5) | 29 (18.5) | < 0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.11 ± 1.0 | 7.41 ± 0.71 | 6.71 ± 1.18 | < 0.001 |
| 6-meter gait speed (m/s) | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 1.06 ± 0.19 | 0.98 ± 0.21 | 0.001 |
| Time to complete 5 sit-to-stand movements (s) | 16.01 ± 3.97 | 15.91 ± 4.39 | 16.15 ± 3.33 | 0.087 |
| SPPB ≤ 9 points (n, %) | 143 (38.9) | 61 (28.9) | 82 (52.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sarcopenia (n, %) | 79 (21.5) | 62 (29.4) | 17 (10.8) | < 0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HGS, handgrip strength; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.