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. 2025 Jan 4;15:795. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85392-6

Table 5.

The parameter setting of the employed algorithms.

Gaining-Sharing Knowledge-based algorithm (GSK)52 F 0.5
L 1
g 20
Artificial Ecosystem-based Optimization (AEO)53 Inline graphic 1
Temperature value (Inline graphic) 400
Inline graphic 2
Inline graphic 2
S 0.5
Inline graphic 2
Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA)54 Number of prides 5
Percent of nomad lions 0.3
Roaming percent 0.4
Mutate probability 0.1
Sex rate 0.85
Mating probability 0.4
Immigrate rate 0.5
Snake Optimizer (SO)55 No. snake 50
Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO)56 Inline graphic 2
Inline graphic 1