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. 2025 Jan 4;16:398. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55715-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Photographs of mechanically robust DN-hydrogel (top) and SLH (bottom) samples covered with different labels (i-formula, ii-logo, iii-Lanzhou Zhongshan Bridge; scale bars: 4.0 mm, 4.0 mm, and 4.0 mm). bTransmittance curves of control (mechanically robust DN-hydrogel) and SLH samples. c Local (left, scale: 100 μm) and enlarged (right, scale: 50 μm) surface SEM images of MS-SLH. d Local (left, scale: 100 μm) and enlarged (right, scale: 50 μm) cross-sectional SEM images of SLH. e Demonstration showing the anti-fouling performance of artificial SLH earthworms upon immersion in a dyed vegetable oil bath. f Demonstration showing the anti-fouling performance of artificial SLH earthworms upon immersion in a dyed heavy oil bath and rinsing with water. g Dynamic wetting process of a water droplet (10 μL) on the surface of a mechanically robust DN-hydrogel (top) and an SLH sample (bottom) recorded by a high-speed camera.