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. 2025 Jan 4;16:398. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55715-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Weight sliding experiment on surface of tilted glass sheets equipped with (a) control sample (textured DN hydrogel) and (b) MS-SLH sample. c Directional movement of movable loading system (6×Φ3 mm, MS-SLH cylindrical sheet) on a MS-SLH track (35 mm × 200 mm) in response to increased normal loads from 0 to 500 N using a home-made mechanical monitoring system, and (d) data collection of real-time signals of friction efficiency, friction force and normal loads are recording. e Reciprocating motion of a conductive steel slider equipped with a square MS-SLH sheet (35 mm×35 mm) in air on an MS-SLH track (35 mm×180 mm) after swelling equilibrium in water without applying any extra lubricant, and (f) reversible signal display of the character between “ROBUST”-left and “LUBRICATION”-right using a home-made mechanical monitoring system.