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. 2025 Jan 4;15:840. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84565-z

Table 1.

Socio-demographical characteristics of study participants.

Characteristics Overall (n = 376) Men (n = 222) Women (n = 154) P
Mean age, mean(SD, years) 53.1 (9.6) 51.7 (8.9) 55 (10.3) 0.001***
BMI, mean(SD, kg/m2) 25.5 (3.8) 25.5 (3.2) 25.6 (4.5) 0.65
Educational attainment, n(%) < 0.001***
  Primary school or below 117 (31.1) 35 (15.8) 82 (53.2)
 Junior high school 138 (36.7) 89 (40.1) 49 (31.8)
 High school or above 121 (32.2) 98 (44.1) 23 (14.9)
Smoke status, n(%) < 0.001***
 Active smoker 80 (21.3) 79 (35.6) 1 (0.6)
 Never smoked 246 (65.4) 96 (43.2) 150 (97.4)
 Ever smoker 50 (13.3) 47 (21.2) 3 (1.9)
Incense burning, n(%) 0.81
 Yes 35 (9.1) 20 (9) 15 (9.7)
 No 341 (90.9) 202 (91) 139 (90.3)

BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.

*** P < 0.001 between groups.