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. 2025 Jan 4;15:798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84300-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Single cell annotation and cell chat. (A) Dotplot of marker genes in different cell clusters in all samples. The dot size present percent expression and red means that the gene is high express in the cluster. (B) UMAP and cell annotation results for cell type. In left, every color present a cluter and right is the annotated results. (C) Proportion of cell numb in samples. Every color present a cell type. (D) Cell chat in the 10 type cells. The node size present the number of cell and line thickness degree present number chat (left) and strength (right), separately. (E) Receptor and ligand interaction plot, red dot present have a high interaction. (F) Marker expression in T cells subtypes. The dot size present percent expression and red means that the gene is high express in the cluster. (G) UMAP of T cell subtype annotated results, each color present a cell type. (H) T cell pseudo-time analysis results. In top left plot, dark color mean original cell. Cell differentiate from dark area to light blue area. Top right and bottom are present subtype T cells differentiation and bottom plot color present cell cluster. (I) Heat map of pseudo-time results.