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. 2025 Jan 4;15:842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84429-6

Table 5.

Comparison with existing approaches.

Reference/year Method AC (%) SE (%) SP (%) Dataset
Ref.62 /2020 DWT+KNN 96.6 97 96.8 DEAP
Ref.65/2012 SWT+WOA+SVM 97.25 97.21 98.1 MAT
Ref.67/2022 Ci-SSA+KNN 95.28 94 95 MAT
Ref.63/2017 HHT+SVM 89.07 90.12 89 MAT
Ref.68/2021 SWT+KNN 96 96.72 95.62 MAT
Ref.69/2016 WT+SVM 93.36 92.59 94.71 MAT
Ref.17/2021 SWT+Optimized-KNN 94 92.1 94.83 MAT
Ref.66/2023 Ci-SSA+BHHO+KNN 96.88 96 98 MAT
Ref.70/2019 EMD+SVM 93.14 92 94.44 STAI
Ref.71/2023 Pooling function+SVM 96.42 96.11 97.52 MAT
Ref.72/2024 VMD+LightGBM 97.2 97.4 96.9 MAT
Ref.64/2020 DCT+BPSO+SVM 96.36 96.85 90.8 NEMAR
Proposed R-LMD+BAO+OEL 97.4 97 98 MAT
R-LMD+BAO+OEL 96.1 96 97 STEW

Significant values are given in bold.