Table 4.
Associations of medical mistrust with vaccination uptake, respondents who were unvaccinated at baseline when vaccines were unavailable and respondents who were unvaccinated at baseline when vaccines were available, Michigan COVID-19 Recovery Surveillance Study, 2020–2023.
|
Vaccination uptake |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline vaccines unavailable (n = 943) | Baseline vaccines available, but unvaccinated at baseline (n = 800) | |||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | |
| Medical Mistrust Index (range: 1–4) | 0.93* | 0.94† | 0.55*** | 0.52*** |
| (0.87, 0.99) | (0.89, 1.00) | (0.44, 0.70) | (0.41, 0.67) | |
| Age (ref: ≥65) | ||||
| 18–34 | 0.86** | 3.13** | ||
| (0.77, 0.96) | (1.50, 6.52) | |||
| 35–54 | 0.86** | 1.84 | ||
| (0.78, 0.94) | (0.88, 3.85) | |||
| 55–64 | 0.95 | 2.21* | ||
| (0.86, 1.03) | (1.02, 4.80) | |||
| Sex (ref: male) | ||||
| Female | 1.02 | 1.06 | ||
| (0.95, 1.10) | (0.77, 1.47) | |||
| Race and ethnicity (ref: NH White) | ||||
| Hispanic | 1.07 | 1.14 | ||
| (0.92, 1.25) | (0.56, 2.31) | |||
| NH Black | 1.00 | 1.19 | ||
| (0.90, 1.10) | (0.73, 1.92) | |||
| Another NH race and ethnicity | 1.02 | 0.96 | ||
| (0.91, 1.14) | (0.55, 1.69) | |||
| Marital status (ref: Not married/cohabiting) | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 0.89** | 1.33 | ||
| (0.82, 0.96) | (0.93, 1.90) | |||
| Education (ref: college graduate) | ||||
| High school or less | 0.81*** | 0.49** | ||
| (0.72, 0.91) | (0.32, 0.76) | |||
| Some college | 0.82*** | 0.83 | ||
| (0.75, 0.89) | (0.58, 1.19) | |||
| Household income (ref: ≥$75,000) | ||||
| <$35,000 | 0.88* | 0.92 | ||
| (0.78, 0.98) | (0.60, 1.42) | |||
| $35,000–74,999 | 1.01 | 0.69† | ||
| (0.92, 1.09) | (0.46, 1.03) | |||
| Health insurance (ref: private insurance) | ||||
| Medicare/Medicaid/others | 0.86 | 0.83 | ||
| (0.71, 1.05) | (0.47, 1.47) | |||
| None | 1.00 | 0.67* | ||
| (0.91, 1.11) | (0.45, 1.00) | |||
| Pre-existing diagnosed comorbidities | ||||
| Yes | 1.03 | 1.09 | ||
| (0.95, 1.11) | (0.79, 1.51) | |||
| COVID-19 symptom severity (ref: asymptomatic/mild) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.95 | 1.56* | ||
| (0.86, 1.04) | (1.03, 2.35) | |||
| Severe | 1.04 | 1.66* | ||
| (0.95, 1.13) | (1.05, 2.61) | |||
| Very severe | 0.97 | 2.07** | ||
| (0.86, 1.08) | (1.20, 3.56) | |||
COVID-19 = Coronavirus disease 2019; RR = Risk Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; NH = non-Hispanic.
Notes: Adjusted models include survey mode.
† p < 0.1 * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.