Table 1.
Clinical presentations of patients with pneumonia
| Characteristic | All patients (n = 122) | Bacterial infection (n = 77, 63%) | Bacterial/viral co-infection (n = 29, 24%) | Viral infection (n = 16, 13%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 69.3 (9.9) | 69.9 (9.67) | 68.4 (10.48) | 67.4 (9.51) | 0.56 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 117 (95.9) | 75 (97.4) | 26 (90) | 16 (100) | 0.21 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Smokers | 76 (62.3) | 54 (70.1) | 15 (51.7) | 8 (50) | 0.12 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Alcohol use disorder | 21 (17.2) | 14 (18.2) | 5 (17.2) | 2 (12.5) | 0.94 |
| Lung disease | 62 (50.8) | 45 (58.4) | 14 (48.3) | 4 (25) | 0.05 |
| Immunosuppression | 30 (24.6) | 18 (23.4) | 7 (24.1) | 5 (31.3) | 0.78 |
| Heart disease | 46 (37.7) | 33 (42.9) | 9 (31) | 3 (18.8) | 0.15 |
| Mean Hgb A1C (SD) | 6.29 (1.26) | 6.43 (1.39) | 6.09 (1.02) | 6.01 (0.84) | 0.3 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 9 (7.4) | 6 (7.8) | 4 (13.8) | 3 (18.8) | 0.29 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 23 (18.9) | 13 (16.9) | 7 (24.1) | 3 (18.8) | 0.7 |
| 14-day mortality, n (%) | 7 (5.7) | 5 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.16 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 22 (18.0) | 17 (22.1) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (18.8) | 0.19 |
| Subjective History | |||||
| Fever, n (%) | 44 (36.1) | 23 (29.9) | 14 (48.3) | 7 (43.8) | 0.17 |
| Cough, n (%) | 79 (64.8) | 45 (58.4) | 22 (75.9) | 12 (75) | 0.18 |
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 82 (67.2) | 58 (75.3) | 22 (75.9) | 12 (75) | 1 |
| Sputum production, n (%) | 42 (34.4) | 23 (33.8) | 12 (41.4) | 7 (43.8) | 0.38 |
| URI symptoms, n (%) | 17 (13.9) | 5 (6.5) | 7 (24.1) | 5 (31.3) | 0.004 |
| Objective Findings | |||||
| Vital signs | |||||
| Mean temperature, °F (SD) | 99.13 (1.35) | 99.06 (1.24) | 99.46 (1.67) | 99.01 (1.15) | 0.51 |
| Mean respiratory rate, breaths/min (SD) | 21.72 (12.3) | 22.42 (14.97) | 20.5 (3.84) | 21.06 (4.12) | 0.64 |
| Mean heart rate, beats/min (SD) | 98.63 (20.8) | 99.04 (21.3) | 98.5 (18.7) | 97.13 (21.7) | 0.99 |
| Mean O2 saturation, % (SD) | 92.2 (5.48) | 92.01 (5.97) | 90.41 (2.93) | 90.8 (6.01) | 0.32 |
| Mean SBP, mmHg (SD) | 126.4 (24.5) | 121.73 (22.75) | 134.17 (21.9) | 134.06 (31.6) | 0.047 |
| Mean DBP, mmHg (SD) | 74.6 (15) | 72.18 (14.48) | 79.66 (13.8) | 76.75 (17) | 0.09 |
| Imaging findings | |||||
| Lobar consolidation, n (%) | 71 (58.2) | 47 (61) | 16 (55.2) | 8 (50) | 0.64 |
| Multifocal consolidation, n (%) | 25 (20.5) | 15 (19.5) | 8 (27.6) | 2 (12.5) | 0.48 |
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | 20 (16.4) | 12 (15.6) | 2 (10.3) | 5 (31.3) | 0.11 |
| Atelectasis, n (%) | 28 (23) | 14 (18.1) | 8 (27.6) | 7 (43.8) | 0.07 |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| Mean BNP, pg/mL (SD) | 347.4 (546) | 56.18 (379.3) | 342 (830) | 348 (523) | 0.11 |
| Mean lactate, mmol/L (SD) | 2.01 (1.1) | 0.28 (0.52) | 1.08 (0.78) | 2.2 (1.32) | 0.95 |
| Median WBC, cells/μL (SD) | 12,420 (5,800) | 11,470 (5,2450) | 11,730 (6,100) | 8,560 (3,540) | 0.005 |
| Mean procalcitonin, ng/mL (SD) | 3.76 (14.9) | 6.12 (22.3) | 1.03 (1.52) | 0.78 (0.94) | 0.85 |
| Mean PSI score (SD) | 99.3 (34.7) | 101.6 (30.2) | 90.48 (27.55) | 89.93 (34) | 0.18 |
| Troponin > 0.03 ng/ml, n (%) | 41.(33.6) | 25 (32.5) | 11 (37.9) | 5 (31.3) | 0.85 |
P values refer to the null hypothesis that the distribution of each variable does not differ between etiological groups. For continuous variables (age, A1C, vital signs, and laboratory values) a Kruskal–Wallis test was used. For dichotomous variables, a Fisher’s Exact test was used. Parentheses included represent the standard deviations of mean values. For values presented as whole numbers, parentheses represent the proportion of each respective group
Abbreviations: BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, Hgb A1c Hemoglobin A1C, PSI Pneumonia Severity Index, SBP Systolic blood pressure, SD Standard deviation, WBC White blood cell