Table 4.
Comparison of the inhibition zone of different antibiotics alone and inhibition zone of different antibiotics with silver and selenium nanoparticles on S. aureus
| Modes of action | Percentage of antibiotic resistance (%) | Inhibition zone (mean ± SD) mm | Increased fold (%) with AgNPs | Inhibition zone (mean ± SD) mm | Increased fold (%) with SeNPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | B | ||||
| Antibiotic alone | Antibiotic + AgNPs | (B − A)/A) × 100 | Antibiotic + SeNPs | (B − A)/A) × 100 | ||
| Protein inhibition | Gentamycin 66.67% | 8.75 ± 9.92 | 4 ± 3.85 | − 50 | 18.72 ± 5.93 | 113.9 |
| Erythromycin 94.44% | 7.22 ± 5.11 | 17.89 ± 6.19 | 147 | 13.11 ± 5.93 | 81.5 | |
| Nitrofurantoin 33.33% | 15.89 ± 7.86 | 20.39 ± 4.09 | 28.3 | 20.56 ± 5.50 | 29.3 | |
| Tetracycline 83.33% | 9.0 ± 6.81 | 19.28 ± 4.05 | 114.2 | 16.11 ± 6.25 | 79 | |
| Clindamycin 94.44% | 9.0 ± 6.21 | 18.94 ± 5.98 | 110.4 | 11.56 ± 7.28 | 28.4 | |
| Chloramphenicol 44.44% | 13.31 ± 11.30 | 22.44 ± 4.97 | 68.3 | 21.89 ± 5.30 | 64.4 | |
| Quinapristin 88.89% | 12.28 ± 6.79 | 20.11 ± 3.53 | 63.7 | 15.89 ± 6.48 | 29.2 | |
| Linzolid 94.44% | 13.11 ± 6.48 | 19.94 ± 4.20 | 52 | 15.39 ± 6.52 | 17.3 | |
| Metabolic path inhibition | Trimethoprim 94.44% | 8.67 ± 6.97 | 19.39 ± 5.05 | 123.6 | 16.33 ± 7.75 | 88.3 |
| Nucleic acid inhibition | Ciprofloxacin 44.44% | 12.80 ± 9.78 | 20.22 ± 5.20 | 57.8 | 21.94 ± 5.58 | 71.4 |
| Rifampicin 88.89% | 11.5 ± 6.27 | 20.17 ± 2.99 | 75.3 | 18.72 ± 4.56 | 62.7 | |
| Cell wall inhibition | Cefoxitin 100% | 10.11 ± 4.65 | 16.44 ± 5.52 | 62.6 | 14.67 ± 4.43 | 45.1 |