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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 5.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2024 Aug 30;187:108123. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108123

Appendix Table 1.

Association between Alternative PES specifications and the Perceived Stress Scale and C-Reactive Protein, Waves 4 (2008–2009) and 5 (2016–2018) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

β (95 % CI)1
Equally
weighted PES2 		Paid time off in
Workers’ rights
Domain3 		PES minus
decision-making
freedom4 		PES minus
number of
jobs5 		Excluding the
temporary
Unemployed6 		Excluded individuals due to relevant
medication use, pregnancy, and/or
infection status7
Wave 4
Perceived stress Score8 (N = 11,510) 0.04
(0.01, 0.06)* 		0.06
(0.02, 0.11)* 		0.08
(0.02, 0.13)* 		0.06
(0.02, 0.10)* 		0.08
(0.03, 0.13)* 		0.08
(0.02, 0.13)*
C-reactive Protein8,9 (N = 10,343) 0.03
(−0.05, 0.10)		 0.09
(−0.04, 0.23)		 0.06
(−0.10, 0.22)		 0.07
(−0.06, 0.19)		 0.07
(−0.15, 0.28)		 0.03
(−0.13, 0.19)
+ controlling for waist circumference 0.01
(−0.06, 0.08)		 0.05
(−0.07, 0.17)		 0.03
(−0.11, 0.17)		 0.03
(−0.08, 0.14)		 0.07
(−0.12, 0.25)		 0.02
(−0.13, 0.16)
Wave 5
C-reactive Protein8,9 (N = 3452) 0.17
(0.01, 0.32)* 		0.45
(0.18, 0.72)* 		0.21
(−0.05, 0.46)		 0.35
(0.06, 0.63)* 		NA 0.37
(0.02, 0.72)*
+ controlling for waist circumference 0.19
(0.05, 0.33)* 		0.37
(0.13, 0.60)* 		0.26
(0.02, 0.49)* 		0.35
(0.10, 0.60)* 		NA 0.40
(0.08,0.73)*

CI = confidence interval; NA = not applicable; PES = precarious employment score.

1

Estimated using linear regression models. Regression estimates employ the Add Health survey weights and sample design parameters to account for clustered sampling, attrition, and oversampling.

2

PES equally weighting all employment variables (e.g. wages, hours worked, tenure) versus equally weighting the domains (e.g. material rewards, workers’ rights) (total score range = 0 to 8).

3

PES moving paid time off from material rewards to workers’ rights domain (total score range = 0 to 8).

4

PES excluding the indicator for freedom to make decisions (Table 1, 6.1) (total score range = 0 to 4).

5

PES excluding the indicator for number of jobs (Table 1, Table 3.2) (total score range = 0 to 5).

6

Wave 4 models include 10,746 observations for perceived stress and 9631 observations for CRP.

7

Wave 4 models include 7482 observations for perceived stress and 6671 for CRP. Wave 5 models for CRP include 2145 observations.

8

Controls for gender, race/ethnicity, age, educational attainment, nativity, and marital status.

9

CRP values are winsorized at the 99th percentile.

*

P < 0.05.