Table 3.
Characteristics of Olmsted County, Minnesota, Residents’ Refractive Status, 1966–2019
| 1966–1969 (n=1038) | 1970–1979 (n=1460) | 1980–1989 (n=1209) | 1990–1999 (n=1541) | 2000–2009 (n=36095) | 2010–2019 (n=40363) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age- and Sex Standardized Prevalence, % (95% CI) | |||||||
| Myopia | 37.0 (37.0, 37.0) | 42.9 (42.9, 42.9) | 55.0 (55.0, 55.0) | 60.5 (60.5, 60.5) | 61.4 (61.4, 61.5) | 63.0 (62.9, 63.1) | <.0001 |
| High Myopia AAO | 3.21 (3.21, 3.21) | 3.81 (3.80, 3.81) | 7.35 (7.35, 7.36) | 6.89 (6.88, 6.89) | 8.51 (8.51, 8.52) | 8.83 (8.83, 8.84) | <.0001 |
| High Myopia WHO | 5.46 (5.46, 5.46) | 6.67 (6.67, 6.67) | 11.82 (11.81, 11.82) | 11.98 (11.98, 11.99) | 12.97 (12.96, 12.97) | 13.32 (13.31, 13.32) | <.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| Estimated Myopia Prevalence, % (95% CI) | |||||||
| Overall | 33.9 (31.1–36.8) | 43.5 (41.0–46.0) | 46.7 (43.9–49.6) | 53.5 (51.0–56.0) | 53.6 (53.1–54.1) | 57.1 (56.6–57.6) | <.0001 |
| Men | 32.0 (27.0–36.9) | 44.0 (39.9–48.0) | 53.0 (48.2–57.8) | 56.4 (52.2–60.6) | 51.3 (50.5–52.1) | 55.1 (54.3–55.8) | <.0001 |
| Women | 40.6 (36.6–46.6) | 44.5 (41.2–47.9) | 52.4 (48.2–56.6) | 61.6 (58.2–64.9) | 55.3 (54.6–56.0) | 58.5 (57.9–59.2) | <.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| Estimated High Myopia Prevalence AAO Definition (SE ≤ (−)6.0 D), % (95% CI) | |||||||
| Overall | 2.8 (2.0–4.0) | 4.0 (3.1–5.2) | 5.1 (3.9–6.4) | 5.8 (4.7–7.1) | 7.9 (7.7–8.2) | 8.3 (8.1–8.6) | <.0001 |
| Men | 2.6 (0.9–4.3) | 3.3 (2.0–5.1) | 8.3 (5.7–11.0) | 6.8 (4.6–8.9) | 6.9 (6.5–7.3) | 7.4 (7.0–7.6) | <.0001 |
| Women | 3.4 (2.0–4.9) | 4.7 (3.3–6.4) | 4.8 (3.0–6.6) | 6.5 (4.9–8.5) | 8.7 (8.3–9.1) | 9.1 (8.7–9.4) | <.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| Estimated High Myopia Prevalence WHO Definition (SE ≤ (−)5.0 D), % (95% CI) | |||||||
| Overall | 5.0 (3.8–6.5) | 7.0 (5.8–8.4) | 8.4 (7.0–10.1) | 10.3 (8.8–11.9) | 12.0 (11.7–12.3) | 12.6 (12.2–12.9) | <.0001 |
| Men | 4.7 (2.5–6.9) | 5.3 (5.3–7.2) | 12.9 (9.7–16.1) | 10.9 (8.3–13.6) | 10.6 (10.1–11.1) | 11.0 (10.6–11.5) | <.0001 |
| Women | 6.2 (4.2–8.2) | 8.4 (6.5–10.2) | 8.8 (6.4–11.2) | 12.4 (10.1–14.6) | 13.1 (12.6–13.5) | 13.7 (13.2–14.1) | <.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| Estimated Myopia Prevalence Race, % (95% CI) | |||||||
| White | 53.3 (52.7–53.8) | 57.0 (56.4–57.5) | <.0001 | ||||
| Black | 41.0 (38.0–43.9) | 47.0 (44.6–49.5) | 0.001 | ||||
| Asian | 65.4 (62.9–67.9) | 67.8 (66.0–69.8) | 0.7974 | ||||
| Other | 53.2 (50.2–56.2) | 55.3 (52.7–57.8) | 0.299 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Estimated High Myopia Prevalence Race AAO Definition (SE ≤ (−)6.0 D), % (95% CI) | |||||||
| White | 7.6 (7.3–7.9) | 8.0 (7.7–8.3) | <.0001 | ||||
| Black | 3.5 (2.4–4.6) | 4.2 (3.2–5.2) | 0.2739 | ||||
| Asian | 15.8 (14.0–17.7) | 16.4 (14.8–18.0) | 0.3561 | ||||
| Other | 8.6 (6.9–10.3) | 8.5 (7.1–9.9) | 0.9384 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Age Group Myopia Prevalence, % (95% CI) | |||||||
| 18–24 | 60.1 (52.7–67.5) | 61.8 (56.4–67.1) | 68.6 (55.9–81.4) | 79.0 (71.8–86.3) | 79.9 (78.6–81.2) | 79.2 (77.8–80.5) | <.0001 |
| 25–34 | 55.1 (47.8–62.5) | 69.5 (64.5–74.5) | 77.0 (71.8–82.2) | 74.2 (68.6–79.7) | 81.1 (80.1–82.2) | 81.6 (80.6–82.7) | <.0001 |
| 35–44 | 40.3 (31.9–48.8) | 41.0 (34.2–47.8) | 60.8 (53.7–67.9) | 73.2 (68.1–78.3) | 71.5 (70.3–72.7) | 72.3 (71.1–73.5) | <.0001 |
| 45–54 | 23.9 (16.7–31.1) | 32.1 (25.9–38.3) | 50.6 (42.9–58.4) | 64.0 (57.8–70.1) | 65.6 (64.6–66.7) | 65.4 (64.3–66.4) | <.0001 |
| 55–64 | 20.5 (16.0–25.1) | 15.2 (11.5–19) | 28.0 (23.0–33.0) | 36.0 (31.5–40.6) | 41.7 (40.6–42.9) | 50.1 (49.3–51.0) | <.0001 |
| Age Group High Myopia Prevalence AAO Definition (SE ≤ (−)6.0 D), % (95% CI) | |||||||
| 18–24 | 6.0 (2.4–9.5) | 6.9 (4.1–9.7) | 19.6 (8.7–30.5) | 5.9 (1.7–10.1) | 11.1 (10.1–12.2) | 9.3 (8.4–10.2) | 0.3547 |
| 25–34 | 4.6 (1.5–7.6) | 7.6 (4.8–10.5) | 10.7 (6.9–14.5) | 13.6 (9.2–17.9) | 15.5 (14.5–16.4) | 14.3 (13.4–15.3) | <.0001 |
| 35–44 | 3.9 (.6–7.2) | 3.0 (.6–5.4) | 6.6 (3.0–10.2) | 8.9 (5.7–12.2) | 12.2 (11.4–13.1) | 12.9 (12.0–13.8) | <.0001 |
| 45–54 | 2.2 (0–4.7) | 1.4 (0–2.9) | 5.0 (1.6–8.4) | 4.3 (1.7–6.9) | 9.2 (8.5–9.8) | 9.9 (9.2–10.5) | <.0001 |
| 55–64 | 1.0 (0–2.1) | .9 (0–1.8) | 1.3 (0–2.5) | 3.0 (1.4–4.6) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | 5.7 (5.3–6.1) | <.0001 |