Table 1.

LIFU Trials in Motor Function.

Author, year	Sonication target	LIFU parameters	Outcome measures	Findings	Adverse events
Fomenko et al,23 2020	M1	Basic parameters: FF: 0.001 MHz PRF: 0.001 MHz PW: 0.002 ms DC: 30% SD: 0.5 s ISI: 5 s ISPTA: 0.69 W/cm2 ISPPA: 2.32 W/cm2 MI: 0.19 Total duration: 10–45 sonications Sham controlled: yes Varied parameters: FF: 0.5 MHz PRF: 0.0002 MHz, 0.0005 MHz, 0.001 MHz PW: 0.002 ms DC: 10%, 30%, 50% SD: 0.1 s, 0.2 s, 0.3 s, 0.4 s, 0.5 s ISI: 5 s ISPTA: 0.23 W/cm2, 0.69 W/cm2, 1.16 W/cm2 ISPPA: 2.32 W/cm2 MI: 0.19 Total duration: 60–90 sonications Sham controlled: yes	Effects of varied acoustic parameters for cortical motor suppression Visuomotor behavioral task	Longer SD more efficacious None for suppression Lower DC more efficacious for suppression No effect of PRF on suppression Increased short-interval intracortical inhibition Decreased reaction time	None
Yu et al,24 2021	Primary leg motor cortical region	FF: 0.5 MHz PRF: 0.0003 MHz, 0.003 MHz PW: 0.2 ms DC: 6%, 60% SD: 0.5 s ISI: 2.5–4.5 s ISPTA: 0.703 W/cm2 ISPPA: 1.17 W/cm2 MI: not reported Total duration: ~120 sonications Sham controlled: yes	Movement-related cortical excitability	Excitatory modulation Enhanced voluntary movement-related cortical activity PRF positively amplifies modulatory effects	None
Legon et al,62 2018	M1	FF: 0.5 MHz PRF: 0.001 MHz PW: 0.36 ms DC: 36% SD: 0.5 s ISI: 10 s, 3–6 s ISPTA: 6.16 W/cm2* ISPPA: 17.12 W/cm2* MI: 0.9 Total duration: 10, 100 sonications Sham controlled: yes	Cortical excitability Response reaction time	Amplitude inhibition of single-pulse MEPs Significant attenuation of intracortical facilitation No effect on intracortical inhibition Significant reduction in reaction time	None
Zeng et al,63 2022	Left motor cortex/left occipital cortex	tb-LIFU FF: 0.5 MHz PRF: 0.000005 MHz PW: 20 ms DC: 10% SD: 80 s ISI: N/A ISPTA: 0.23 W/cm2* ISPPA: 2.26 W/cm2* MI: not reported Total duration: 80 s r-LIFU FF: 0.5 MHz PRF: 0.001 MHz PW: 0.32 ms DC: 32% SD: 0.5 s ISI: 1.1 s ISPTA: 0.72 W/cm2* ISPPA: 2.26 W/cm2* MI: not reported Total duration: 80 s Sham controlled: yes	Effects of varied LIFU delivery methods on motor cortical activity Motor cortical activity with LIFU of the orbital cortex Visuomotor behavioral task	tb-LIFU produced consistent increase in motor cortical excitability for 30 min r-LIFU produced no significant change tb-LIFU decreased short-interval intracortical inhibition tb-LIFU increased intracortical facilitation LIFU to the occipital cortex did not change motor cortical excitability tb-LIFU shortened movement time in a visuomotor task	None
Zhang et al,64 2021	M1	FF: 0.5 MHz PRF: 0.0001 MHz PW: 0.5 ms DC: 5% SD: 0.5 s ISI: 8 s ISPTA: 0.142 W/cm2 ISPPA: 2.846 W/cm2 MI: 0.420 Total duration: 15 min Sham controlled: yes	Motor cortex activity Stop-signal task Temperature change	Altered long-lasting cortex plasticity for ≥30 min Did not cause changes past 7 d Improved behavioral inhibition Minimal temperature change that is unlikely to induce brain injury	None

ISI, interstimulus interval; MEPs, motor evoked potentials; r-LIFU, regularly patterned LIFU; tb-LIFU, theta burst patterned LIFU.

Total duration is reported in total time of LIFU intervention or the number of sonications delivered in one session.

^*Intensity reported is not the intracranial estimation. The reported values represent either the intensity measured in freeform water or are a parameter output of the LIFU system. Intracranial estimations are derived from these values.