Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Overall (n=6093) |
No night eating (n=4829) | One time (n=515) |
Two times and over (n=522) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||||
| 18~34 | 2143(35.18) | 1606(33.26) | 215(41.81) | 268(51.46) | <0.001 |
| 35~64 | 3332(54.68) | 2693(55.77) | 255(49.61) | 241(46.14) | |
| ≥65 | 618(10.14) | 530(10.97) | 44(8.57) | 13(2.4) | |
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | 2068(33.94) | 1593(32.98) | 187(36.35) | 204(39) | 0.219 |
| 25~29 | 1694(27.8) | 1371(28.4) | 124(24.04) | 130(24.96) | |
| ≥30 | 2331(38.26) | 1865(38.62) | 204(39.61) | 188(36.04) | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 3313(54.38) | 2556(52.93) | 295(57.26) | 335(64.09) | 0.001 |
| Female | 2780(45.62) | 2273(47.07) | 220(42.74) | 187(35.91) | |
| Race | |||||
| Mexican American | 563(9.24) | 465(9.62) | 40(7.83) | 39(7.43) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 3991(65.5) | 3218(66.64) | 329(63.88) | 314(60.09) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 737(12.1) | 554(11.48) | 72(14.07) | 96(18.3) | |
| Other | 801(13.15) | 592(12.26) | 73(14.22) | 74(14.19) | |
| Marital | |||||
| Yes | 3699(60.71) | 3020(62.54) | 270(52.47) | 256(49.02) | <0.001 |
| No | 2394(39.29) | 1809(37.46) | 245(47.53) | 266(50.98) | |
| PIR | |||||
| Poor | 891(14.63) | 662(13.71) | 92(17.87) | 96(18.4) | 0.027 |
| Not poor | 5202(85.37) | 4167(86.29) | 423(82.13) | 426(81.6) | |
| Education | |||||
| Below high school | 388(6.37) | 324(6.7) | 24(4.65) | 16(3.1) | 0.005 |
| High School | 779(12.79) | 621(12.85) | 75(14.53) | 55(10.58) | |
| Above high School | 4926(80.84) | 3885(80.45) | 416(80.82) | 451(86.31) | |
| Smoke | |||||
| Never | 3437(56.41) | 2782(57.6) | 272(52.8) | 257(49.25) | 0.001 |
| Former | 1285(21.09) | 1032(21.38) | 108(20.95) | 95(18.15) | |
| Now | 1372(22.51) | 1015(21.02) | 135(26.26) | 170(32.6) | |
| Drink | |||||
| Yes | 4331(71.08) | 3487(72.2) | 379(73.64) | 375(71.89) | 0.842 |
| No | 1762(28.92) | 1342(27.8) | 136(26.36) | 147(28.11) | |
| Activity | |||||
| No | 3244(53.24) | 2569(53.19) | 296(57.45) | 251(48.08) | 0.053 |
| Yes | 2849(46.76) | 2260(46.81) | 219(42.55) | 271(51.92) | |
| Sleep time | |||||
| <6 h | 869(14.27) | 647(13.39) | 91(17.67) | 98(18.72) | 0.021 |
| 6~8 h | 4848(79.56) | 3880(80.35) | 394(76.56) | 390(74.77) | |
| >8 h | 376(6.17) | 302(6.26) | 30(5.76) | 34(6.51) | |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 1869(30.67) | 1501(31.09) | 156(30.27) | 138(26.41) | 0.243 |
| No | 4224(69.33) | 3328(68.91) | 359(69.73) | 384(73.59) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||
| Yes | 3892(63.87) | 3129(64.8) | 303(58.77) | 305(58.35) | 0.032 |
| No | 2201(36.13) | 1700(35.2) | 212(41.23) | 217(41.65) | |
| Obesity | |||||
| Yes | 1970(32.34) | 1580(32.71) | 181(35.14) | 150(28.66) | 0.169 |
| No | 4123(67.66) | 3249(67.29) | 334(64.86) | 372(71.34) | |
| AObesity | |||||
| Yes | 4132(67.81) | 3330(68.96) | 337(65.44) | 327(62.55) | 0.065 |
| No | 1961(32.19) | 1499(31.04) | 178(34.56) | 195(37.45) | |
| DM | |||||
| Yes | 598(9.81) | 465(9.62) | 60(11.58) | 40(7.65) | 0.269 |
| No | 5495(90.19) | 4364(90.38) | 455(88.42) | 482(92.35) | |
| UIC | |||||
| Deficient | 2020(33.15) | 1624(33.62) | 169(32.79) | 167(32) | 0.679 |
| Normal | 1960(32.17) | 1572(32.55) | 156(30.29) | 163(31.27) | |
| Excessive | 2113(34.68) | 1634(33.83) | 190(36.92) | 192(36.73) | |
| DII | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0 ± 0 | 2.17 ± 0.09 | 3.62 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
| T3 | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.81 ± 0.02 | 1.83 ± 0.02 | 0.756 |
| T4 | 7.74 ± 0.02 | 7.75 ± 0.02 | 7.64 ± 0.06 | 7.71 ± 0.07 | 0.195 |
| FT3 | 3.23 ± 0.01 | 3.22 ± 0.01 | 3.26 ± 0.02 | 3.32 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| FT4 | 0.79 ± 0 | 0.79 ± 0 | 0.79 ± 0.01 | 0.79 ± 0.01 | 0.97 |
| TSH | 1.75 ± 0.01 | 1.75 ± 0.02 | 1.83 ± 0.07 | 1.64 ± 0.04 | 0.044 |
| TGA | 0.66 ± 0 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.64 ± 0.01 | 0.65 ± 0.01 | 0.094 |
| Tg | 14.83 ± 0.45 | 14.81 ± 0.55 | 14.25 ± 0.67 | 15.74 ± 0.71 | 0.004 |
| TPOAb | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.77 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.07 |
| FT3/FT4 | 4.2 ± 0.01 | 4.19 ± 0.01 | 4.24 ± 0.03 | 4.31 ± 0.03 | 0.006 |
| TSHI | 1.76 ± 0.01 | 1.77 ± 0.01 | 1.78 ± 0.03 | 1.7 ± 0.03 | 0.041 |
| TT4RI | 173.36 ± 1.45 | 174.38 ± 1.59 | 179.02 ± 6.44 | 161.85 ± 4.48 | 0.008 |
| TFQI | -0.06 ± 0 | -0.07 ± 0 | -0.06 ± 0.01 | -0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.882 |
| Ur | 4.46 ± 0.02 | 4.49 ± 0.02 | 4.31 ± 0.07 | 4.29 ± 0.06 | 0.079 |
| Cr | 76.62 ± 0.28 | 76.56 ± 0.32 | 78.33 ± 0.92 | 77.2 ± 0.71 | 0.04 |
| Glycohemoglobin | 5.53 ± 0.01 | 5.53 ± 0.01 | 5.53 ± 0.04 | 5.49 ± 0.04 | 0.008 |
| TC | 5.04 ± 0.01 | 5.07 ± 0.02 | 4.94 ± 0.05 | 4.89 ± 0.05 | 0.002 |
| TG | 1.78 ± 0.02 | 1.74 ± 0.02 | 1.83 ± 0.07 | 1.9 ± 0.08 | 0.799 |
| LDL | 2.97 ± 0.01 | 2.99 ± 0.01 | 2.91 ± 0.04 | 2.79 ± 0.04 | 0.038 |
| HDL | 1.34 ± 0.01 | 1.35 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.02 | 1.3 ± 0.02 | 0.031 |
| NLR | 2.13 ± 0.01 | 2.12 ± 0.02 | 2.18 ± 0.05 | 2.06 ± 0.05 | 0.068 |
Continuous variables are presented as the means ± SEM, and p values were calculated via survey-weighted linear regression analysis. The categorical variables are presented as percentages, and p values were calculated via the survey-weighted chi-square test. BMI, body mass index; PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; Aobesity, abdominal obesity; DM, DM; UIC, urinary iodine concentration; DII, dietary Inflammatory Index of night eating; TT3, total triiodothyronine; TT4, total thyroxine; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; Tg, thyroglobulin; TGA, thyroglobulin antibodies; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibodies; FT3/FT4, FT3-FT4 ratio; TSHI, thyroid-stimulating hormone; TT4RI, thyrotroph thyroxine tesistance Index; TFQI, thyroid feedback quantile-based index; Ur, serum urea nitrogen; Cr, serum creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NLR, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio.