Table 2.

Categorical analysis on the correlation between risk factors for T2DM and GDM.

Risk factors	No. of studies	Heterogeneity		Effective models	OR (95% CI)	Z	p
		I² (%)	p
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics
Age	12	95.9	0.000	Random	1.71 (1.23, 2.38)	3.18	0.001
Family history of diabetes	9	42.4	0.085	Random	1.60 (1.26, 2.04)	3.8	<0.001
Use of progestin-only contraceptive	3	61	0.077	Random	2.12 (1.00, 4.45)	1.97	0.049
Breastfeeding	2	0.0	0.87	Fixed	0.81 (0.39, 1.68)	0.56	0.573
Greater education	4	62.7	0.045	Random	0.53 (0.20, 1.37)	1.32	0.188
Asian	3	0.0	0.538	Fixed	6.22 (4,97, 7.79)	15.91	<0.001
White	2	75.5	0.043	Random	5.52 (3.96, 7.69)	10.08	<0.001
Hispanic	2	0.0	0.434	Fixed	7.75 (6.86, 8.76)	32.84	<0.001
African American	2	67.4	0.080	Random	8.38 (6.35, 11.05)	15.02	<0.001
Pregnancy-related factors
Weight change	3	65	0.057	Random	1.03 (0.90, 1.19)	0.46	0.647
Parity	2	56.5	0.129	Random	1.12 (0.84, 1.49)	0.79	0.432
Waist circumference	4	86.8	0.000	Random	1.12 (0.98, 1.29)	1.68	0.094
Macrosomia	3	0.0	0.671	Fixed	3.30 (1.45, 7.49)	2.85	0.004
Neonatal birth weight	3	74.3	0.049	Random	1.22 (0.74, 2.00)	0.77	0.442
Insulin use in pregnancy	14	82.6	0.000	Random	4.35 (3.17, 5.96)	9.13	<0.001
Early diagnosis GDM	5	46.1	0.115	Fixed	0.96 (0.93, 0.99)	1.13	0.26
GDM recurrence	4	0.0	0.476	Fixed	2.63 (1.88, 3.69)	5.62	<0.001
Hypertension	4	96.6	0.000	Random	5.19 (1.31, 20.51)	2.35	0.019
Gestational interval	2	0.0	0.606	Fixed	1.68 (1.09, 2.58)	2.37	0.018
Pre-pregnancy BMI	15	93.8	0.000	Random	2.93 (2.11, 4.07)	6.44	<0.001
BMI in pregnancy	5	70.1	0.010	Random	1.26 (0.99, 1.60)	1.91	0.056
BMI after delivery	9	99.5	0.000	Random	4.58 (2.87, 7.30)	6.38	<0.001
Laboratory indicators
HbA1c	3	0.0	0.609	Fixed	3.32 (1.81, 6.11)	3.86	<0.001
FBG	12	96	0.000	Random	1.58 (1.36, 1.84)	5.91	<0.001
OGTT 1-h	4	99.5	0.000	Random	1.38 (1.02, 1.87)	2.08	0.037
OGTT 2-h	8	80	0.000	Random	1.54 (1.28, 1.85)	4.62	<0.001