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. 2025 Jan 1;15(3):1164–1184. doi: 10.7150/thno.104529

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PSPs in ECM modulation and intercellular communication. (A) Matrix stiffness modulation. Fibroblasts and tumor cells regulate ECM-related genes and EMT-related genes through TGF-β pathway. PPM1A can dephosphorylate P38 to terminate this process. (B) Angiogenesis. Activation of calcineurin/NFAT/Ang2 pathway in endothelial cells contributes to angiogenesis, which provides pre-metastatic niches for lung metastasis. (C) Bone erosion. In tumor cells, PP1 dephosphorylates P38 and reduces OPG production. Reduced OPG levels lead to enhanced bone erosion and further bone metastasis. (D) Intercellular communication. PDGF-BB induces YAP accumulation. Platelet detachment contributes to PP1-MYPT1 complex activation, which can dephosphorylate YAP for cancerous properties.