Table 2.
Functions of PSPs in TME
| Related properties | Enzyme | Type of cell | Mechanism/pathway | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoxic adaption | PP1 | Pancreatic cancer | PPP1R1B promotes P53 degradation | 16 |
| PP2A | CRC | PP2A-B55α protects HIF1A from hydroxylation and degradation | 92 | |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | PP2A mediates cell cycle inhibition and reduced ATP consumption | 103 | ||
| Calcineurin | Prostate cancer | Calcineurin facilitates accumulation of HIF1A | 93 | |
| PP5 | Various tumor cells | PP5 suppresses ASK-1/MKK4/JNK pathway | 104 | |
| PPM1B | Kidney cancer | PPM1B regulates TBK1 signaling | 105 | |
| PPM1G | Renal adenocarcinoma | PPM1G negatively regulates HIF1A expression | 94 | |
| PHLPP | Colon cancer | PHLPP is negatively regulated by HIF1A | 96 | |
| Metabolic reprogramming | PP1 | Gastric cancer | PP1 regulates AKT/HIF1A pathway | 110 |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | PP1 inhibits STAT3 signaling | 111 | ||
| PP5 | Bladder cancer | PP5 activates PPARγ signaling | 108 | |
| PDP1 | Various tumor cells | PDP1 regulates glycolysis and TCA cycle | 17, 83, 114 | |
| PDP2 | Breast cancer | PDP2 dephosphorylates ACSL4 | 109 | |
| ECM remodeling and angiogenesis |
PP2A | Leukemia | PP2A regulates MMPs expression | 115 |
| Endothelial cell | PP2A regulates YAP activation | 118 | ||
| Calcineurin | Endothelial cell | Calcineurin/NFAT/angiopoietin-2 pathway promotes angiogenesis | 120 | |
| PP4 | CRC | PP4 is associated with MMPs expression | 19 | |
| PP5 | Melanoma | PP5 inhibits Hsp90α secretion | 116 | |
| PPM1A | Fibroblasts | PPM1A regulates P38/MAPK pathway | 82 | |
| Stromal cell interactions | PP1 | HCC | PP1 regulates P38/MAPK pathway | 20 |
| AML | PP1 regulates osteoblast-mediated protective effects | 122 | ||
| Various tumor cells | PP1-MYPT1 activates YAP signaling | 123, 124 | ||
| Breast cancer, endothelial cell | EV-derived PPP1R1B activates endothelial cells | 125 | ||
| PP2A | HCC | PPP2R2A regulates forkhead box O3, P27 and P21 | 8 | |
| Immune response | PP1 | Multiple myeloma | PP1-GADD34 dissociation promotes immunogenic cell death | 131 |
| Various immune cells | PP1-GADD34 mediates integrated stress response | 23 | ||
| B cell | PP1 regulates to Fc clustering | 156 | ||
| Macrophage | PP1 inhibits IRF3 signaling | 157 | ||
| DC | PP1-GADD34 regulates IFN production | 162 | ||
| PP2A | Various tumor cells | PP2A inhibits STING signaling | 18, 127 | |
| Pancreatic cancer, NSCLC | Inflammatory stimuli regulate PP2A expression in tumor cells | 133, 134 | ||
| CD4+/CD8+ T cell | PP2A suppresses T cell proliferation, glycolysis and cytokines production | 6, 142, 144 | ||
| Treg cell | PP2A mediates maturation of Treg cells | 149 | ||
| B cell | PP2A ensures optimal functions | 153 | ||
| TAM | SET regulates metabolism, migration, M1 to M2 polarization and STING signaling | 106, 158-160 | ||
| MDSC | PP2A terminates AKT/β-catenin pathway | 161 | ||
| Calcineurin | Treg cell | Calcineurin/NFAT pathway regulates Treg differentiation | 70, 71 | |
| PP4 | DC | Calcineurin/NFAT pathway regulates cytokines production | 163 | |
| OC | PP4 regulates inflammatory factors secretion | 128 | ||
| T cell, lymphoma | PP4-PP4R1 inhibits NF-κB signaling | 147 | ||
| Normal/leukemic T cell | PP4 dephosphorylates PEA-15 | 148 | ||
| PPM1B | NSCLC | PPM1B regulates NF-κB signaling | 129 | |
| PPM1D | HCC | PPM1D is correlated with ICB inhibition | 139 | |
| PPM1H | CRC | PPM1G is correlated with immune cell infiltration | 138 | |
| PPM1K | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | PPM1K is correlated with immune cell infiltration | 81 | |
| breast invasive carcinoma | PDP1 is negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells infiltration | 140 | ||
| PDP1 | Breast invasive carcinoma | PDP1 is negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells infiltration | 140 |