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. 2025 Jan 1;15(3):993–1016. doi: 10.7150/thno.104872

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Metformin-based nanomedicine in combination with chemotherapy. (A) Schematic illustration of the mechanism of action for D@HPMNG to combat cancer and repolarize the TAM phenotype. Created in https://BioRender.com. (B) Fluorescence images of biodistribution of DiR-labeled HPMNG nanogels in the mice, indicating excellent targeting ability of the nanogel. Representative flow cytometry plots of M1-like and M2-like TAMs (C) and their quantitative results (D) at recurrent tumor sites after treatment with D@HPMNG and its controls. (E) The recurrent tumor growth profile after different treatments. Adapted with permission from ¹³⁵, copyright 2024 American Chemical Society.