Table 2.

List of representative RNA nanotherapeutics applications in HCC treatment

RNA type	Vector type	Combination Therapy	Target Receptor	Outcomes	Trail Phase	Ref
miR-26a mimics	Exsome	N/A	N/A	Inhibition of cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest	Preclinical	139
miR-34a mimics	LNPs	N/A	N/A	Targeting MYC and BCL-2, reduced tumor growth, increased apoptosis	Early Clinical Trials	137
miR-122 mimics	LNPs	N/A	N/A	Restoration of miR-122 levels, tumor growth inhibition	Preclinical	135
VEGF siRNA	PNPs	5-FU	VEGFR	Inhibition of angiogenesis, reduced tumor blood supply	Preclinical	144
MYC siRNA	PNPs	Sorafenib	asialoglycoprotein receptor	Reduced tumor cell proliferation, induced apoptosis	Preclinical	145
BCL-2 siRNA	PNPs	N/A	N/A	Enhanced cancer cell death, tumor regression	Preclinical	147
β-catenin siRNA	LNPs	Sorafenib	β-catenin receptor	Reduced tumor growth, overcoming Sorafenib resistance	Preclinical	148
ALN-VSP	LNPs	N/A	N/A	Well-tolerated and prolonged disease stabilization in participants	Phase 1	146
MFAP-5 siRNA	PNPs	Desloratadine	N/A	Significant tumor burden reduction, inhibited angiogenesis	Preclinical	149
IL-12 mRNA	LNPs	N/A	Not specified	Immune modulation, suppression of tumorigenesis	Preclinical	153
p53 mRNA	PNPs	Anti-PD-1	CXCR4 receptor	Restoration of p53 expression, enhanced immune response	Preclinical	27
OX40L mRNA	LNPs	N/A	N/A	Inhibits tumor growth, increases CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations, promotes immune infiltration	Preclinical	178
Bims mRNA	ALPPL2-Binding Peptide	N/A	ALPPL2	Enhanced targeted delivery, significant tumor growth inhibition	Preclinical	156
CEBPA saRNA	SMARTICLES	TKIs	N/A	Upregulation of CEBPA, tumor shrinkage, improved liver function	Phase I	63
CEBPA saRNA	Lipopolyplex	N/A	N/A	Gene activation, tumor growth inhibition in colorectal cancer model	Preclinical	165
p21 saRNA	Lipopolyplex	N/A	N/A	Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of invasion and migration	Preclinical	167