Table 1.

Adhesive hydrogels for ocular anterior section applications.

Application	Adherent tissue	Materials	Adhesion mechanism	Clinical research process	Ref.
Dry Eye	Cornea	MPEP(POSS-PEG-PPG)	Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobicity, mechanical interlocking	Pre-clinic	51
	Contact lens	PEG	Wet adhesive	Approved	52
	Cornea	AF127, Cu2-x Se NPs	Ionic bonds, covalent bonds (Schiff base)	Pre-clinic	53
	Lacrimal duct	CMC	Mechanical interlocking, cohesion	Pre-clinic	55
	Cornea	PBA, CMC, GSH	Hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds	Pre-clinic	60
Eye surface infection	Cornea	PAM, QCS, TA	Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic force, π-π stacking	Pre-clinic	68
	Cornea	F127, PEG-PPG-PEG, PLGA-PEI-PEG	Cohesion, mechanical interlocking, hydrogen bonds	Pre-clinic	69
	Cornea	FNPs, ISG	Cohesion, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds	Pre-clinic	70
	Cornea	Gel	Mechanical interlocking	Pre-clinic	71
	Cornea	GAMA, contact lenses (with carboxylic acid)	Covalent bonds	Pre-clinic	72
Corneal wound surgery	Cornea	DPC-ECM	/	Approved	78
	Cornea	DPC- ECM, alginate, DOPA	Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, crosslinked structure	Pre-clinic	79
	Cornea	HA-cyclodextrin, HA-adamantane	Covalent bonds, cross-linked structures	Pre-clinic	80
	Cornea	Fibrin	Fibrinogen polymerization	Approved	85
	Cornea	PEG	Cohesion, hydrogen bonds, mechanical interlocking	Approved	20,86-88
	Cornea	4-arm-PEG-NHS, lysozyme	Covalent bonds, mechanical interlocking	Pre-clinic	89
	Cornea	Gel, TEA, N-VC	Hydrogen bonds, mechanical interlocking	Pre-clinic	93
	Cornea	GelMA, HAGM, PEGDA	Hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, cross-linked structures, mechanical interlocking	Pre-clinic	94
	Cornea	Collagen I, F127DA, AF127,GelMA	Cross-linked structures, covalent bonds (Schiff base), hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking	Pre-clinic	95
	Cornea	GelMA, Odex	Dual network structure, covalent bonds (Schiff base), hydrogen bonds	Pre-clinic	96
	Cornea	GelMA, HA-NB	Wet adhesive, hydrogen bonds	Pre-clinic	97
	Cornea	Gel, DMA	Hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds	Pre-clinic	98
	Cornea	Gel, PEG, bovine stromal corneal extracellular matrix	Covalent bonding, double network structure	Pre-clinic	99
	Cornea	F127DA, HADA, DOPA	Wet adhesive, hydrogen bonds, crosslinked structure	Pre-clinic	100
	Cornea	AlgMA, ODex, dendritic polymers	Covalent bonding, inion bonds, triple-crosslinked double-network	Pre-clinic	101
Refractive surgery wounds	Cornea	PEG	Cohesion, hydrogen bonds, mechanical interlocking effects	Approved	105-107
Conjunctival defect	Conjunctiva	Acrylic resins	Hydrogen bonds	Pre-clinic	110
	Conjunctiva	PEG	Cohesion, hydrogen bonds, mechanical interlocking	Pre-clinic	113
	Conjunctiva	GelMA, OHA	Semi-interpenetrating polymer network, crosslinked structure, covalent bonds	Pre-clinic	114
	Conjunctiva, cornea	PEGDA, Alg-NHS, TA, Fe3+	Hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, inion bonds	Pre-clinic	116