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. 2024 Dec 23;15:1516125. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1516125

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Copyright © 2024 Ye, Cui, Wang, Li, Chen, Zhu, Xue and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram of the role of exosomes in cartilage metabolism: Exosomes derived from BMSC, UCMSC, ADSC, Ocy, M2, CC, and SMSC promote cartilage synthesis and inhibit degradation, while exosomes derived from OC, OB, and EC inhibit cartilage synthesis and accelerate degradation. (Abbreviation: BMSC, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; UCMSC, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell; ADSC, adipose-derived stem cell; Ocy, Osteocyte; M2, M2 macrophages; CC, chondrocyte; SMSC, synovial mesenchymal stem cell; OC, Osteoclast; OB, Osteoblast; EC, vascular endothelial cell).