Fig. 1. Workflow of this study.

a Dataset construction: videos of LE were converted to images for dataset construction. All frames from the dataset were annotated by annotators and reviewed by the expert surgeon; after data annotation, each lesion image was labeled according to metastatic extents and locations. b Model development: the dataset was preprocessed with data augmentation and cropping patches for modeling. c Model evaluation: the performance of the models was evaluated using the Dice score, intersection-over-union (IOU), inference speed, and surgeon-AI comparison.