Table 4.

Summary of performance metrics of AiLES for IAM recognition

Category	Dice score (F1 score)	IOU	Recall (sensitivity)	Specificity	Accuracy	Precision
Test dataset	0.76 (0.17)	0.61 (0.19)	0.73 (0.21)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.79 (0.16)
Metastatic extent
Single	0.76 (0.18)	0.62 (0.21)	0.69 (0.21)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.86 (0.16)
Multiple	0.74 (0.16)	0.59 (0.18)	0.73 (0.21)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.75 (0.16)
Extensive	0.76 (0.14)	0.61 (0.15)	0.75 (0.20)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.77 (0.12)
Metastatic location
Peritoneum	0.78 (0.15)	0.64 (0.18)	0.80 (0.19)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.77 (0.15)
Single	0.90 (0.08)	0.73 (0.12)	0.90 (0.08)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.90 (0.12)
Multiple	0.78 (0.14)	0.64 (0.16)	0.82 (0.18)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.75 (0.15)
Extensive	0.74 (0.15)	0.59 (0.16)	0.75 (0.21)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.73 (0.12)
Omentum	0.65 (0.20)	0.49 (0.21)	0.59 (0.24)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.74 (0.17)
Bowels	0.67 (0.08)	0.50 (0.09)	0.64 (0.12)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.69 (0.18)
Mesentery	0.80 (0.06)	0.67 (0.07)	0.75 (0.09)	0.99 (0.01)	0.98 (0.01)	0.86 (0.10)
Liver surface	0.65 (0.16)	0.48 (0.16)	0.50 (0.18)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.92 (0.12)
Uterus	0.93 (0.07)	0.86 (0.10)	0.95 (0.05)	0.99 (0.01)	0.99 (0.01)	0.91 (0.11)

Data were expressed in mean (±standard deviation, SD). In this study, the Dice score and F1 score have the same values, and recall is also referred to as sensitivity.

AiLES artificial intelligence laparoscopic exploration system, IAM intra-abdominal metastasis, IOU intersection-over-union.