The 2025 Nucleic Acids Research database issue and the online molecular biology database collection

Abstract

The 2025 Nucleic Acids Research database issue contains 185 papers spanning biology and related areas. Seventy three new databases are covered, while resources previously described in the issue account for 101 update articles. Databases most recently published elsewhere account for a further 11 papers. Nucleic acid databases include EXPRESSO for multi-omics of 3D genome structure (this issue’s chosen Breakthrough Resource and Article) and NAIRDB for Fourier transform infrared data. New protein databases include structure predictions for human isoforms at ASpdb and for viral proteins at BFVD. UniProt, Pfam and InterPro have all provided updates: metabolism and signalling are covered by new descriptions of STRING, KEGG and CAZy, while updated microbe-oriented databases include Enterobase, VFDB and PHI-base. Biomedical research is supported, among others, by ClinVar, PubChem and DrugMAP. Genomics-related resources include Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser and dbSNP. New plant databases cover the Solanaceae (SolR) and Asteraceae (AMIR) families while an update from NCBI Taxonomy also features. The Database Issue is freely available on the Nucleic Acids Research website (https://academic.oup.com/nar). At the NAR online Molecular Biology Database Collection (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/c/), 932 entries have been reviewed in the last year, 74 new resources added and 226 discontinued URLs eliminated bringing the current total to 2236 databases.

New and updated databases

The 32nd Nucleic Acids Research Database issue once again spans all of biology with a total of 185 papers. This year sees 73 new databases feature (Table 1) alongside 101 updated descriptions of resources previously covered in the issue. The final 11 are updates from databases most recently published elsewhere (Table 2). In customary fashion, annual overviews from the major database providers at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and the National Genomics Data Center in China (1–3) lead off. The following papers are then grouped in the usual way: (i) nucleic acid sequence and structure, transcriptional regulation; (ii) protein sequence and structure, proteomics; (iii) metabolic and signalling pathways, enzymes and networks; (iv) genomics of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi; (v) genomics of human and model organisms plus comparative genomics; (vi) human genomic variation, diseases and drugs; (vii) plants and (viii) other topics. As many databases range broadly, some papers defy easy categorisation and readers are encouraged to browse the full list.

Table 1.

Descriptions of new databases in the 2025 NAR Database issue

Database name	URL	Short description
AMIR	https://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn/AMIR/	Asteraceae multi-omics information resource
ASpdb	https://biodataai.uth.edu/ASpdb/	Structures of human protein isoforms
BAR	https://bar.utoronto.ca	Bio-Analytic Resource for Plant Biology
BFVD	https://bfvd.foldseek.com/	AlphaFold-predicted structures of viral proteins
BGC Atlas	https://bgc-atlas.cs.uni-tuebingen.de	Biosynthetic gene clusters from metagenomes
CELLxGENE	https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/	Curated, standardized single-cell transcriptomic data
Chem(Pro)2	https://idrblab.org/chemprosquare/	Chemoproteomic probes labelling human proteins
CircaKB	https://cdsic.njau.edu.cn/CircaKB	Circadian genes
CRISPRepi	http://crisprepi.maolab.org/	CRISPR-mediated epigenome editing
CRISPRoffT	https://ccsm.uth.edu/CRISPRoffT/	CRISPR/Cas off-target data
CVD Atlas	https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/cvd	Cardiovascular diseases
dog10k	http://dog10k.kiz.ac.cn/	Dog omics
DIONYSUS	http://www.dsimb.inserm.fr/DIONYSUS/	Protein-carbohydrate interfaces
DMRdb	http://www.inbirg.com/DMRdb/	Mendelian randomization-based causal relationships
ECBD	https://ecbd.eu	European chemical biology database
EXPRESSO	https://expresso.sustech.edu.cn	The 3D genome, the epigenome and gene expression
GDP	https://biogdp.com/	Biomedical graphics
GoFCards	http://www.genemed.tech/gofcards	Known and predicted gain-of-function variants
GTO	http://www.inbirg.com/gto	Gene therapy omnibus
GutMetaNet	https://gutmetanet.deepomics.org/	Horizontal gene transfer and functional redundancy in the human gut microbiome
GWAShug	http://www.gwashug.com	Diverse GWAS methods
HSCGD	http://www.hscgd.com	Human single-cell genomes
Immunosenescence Inventory	https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/iaa/home	Multi-omics of immune aging
LncPepAtlas	http://www.cnitbiotool.net/LncPepAtlas/	Long non-coding RNA Peptide Atlas
MAPbrain	http://bigdata.ibp.ac.cn/mapBRAIN/	Multi-omics Atlas of the Primate Brain
MDRepo	https://mdrepo.org	Molecular dynamics simulations
metsDB	https://relab.xidian.edu.cn/metsDB/	Cancer metastasis with bulk, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
MicrobiomeNet	https://www.microbiomenet.com/	Microbial communities and their metabolism
MicroEpitope	http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/MicroEpitope	Immune epitopes derived from cancer microbiome
MolBiC	https://idrblab.org/MolBiC/	Molecular bioactivities in cells
mOTUs-db	https://motus-db.org	Prokaryotic (metagenome-assembled) genomes
NAIRDB	https://nairdb.genesilico.pl	Nucleic Acid InfraRed Data Bank
NASA OSDR	https://osdr.nasa.gov/bio/	NASA Open Science Data Repository
ncPlantDB	https://bis.zju.edu.cn/ncPlantDB	Plant ncRNAs and potential encoded peptides
OncoSexome	https://idrblab.org/OncoSexome/	Sex-based differences in cancer risk, biomarkers and responses
OrgXenomics	https://idrblab.org/orgxenomics	Proteomics of organoids and xenografts
Pairpot	http://123.207.205.5	Paired spatial and single-cell transcriptomics
PanKB	http://pankb.org	Microbial pangenomes
PDCdb	http://47.99.36.124/PDCdb/	Peptide-drug conjugates
PerturBase	http://www.perturbase.cn/	Single-cell perturbation data
PerturbAtlas	https://perturbatlas.kratoss.site	Bulk genetic perturbation data
PerturbDB	http://research.gzsys.org.cn/perturbdb	Perturb-seq data for gene function and drug target identification
PharmFreq	https://pharmfreq.com/	Global distribution of pharmacogenomic allele frequencies
PGxDB	https://pgx-db.org/	Pharmacogenomics
PhageDive	https://phagedive.dsmz.de	Bacteriophages and archaeal viruses
PIPdb	https://nmdc.cn/pipdb/	Plasmids in pathogens database
PLAbDab-nano	https://opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/plabdab-nano/	Nanobody sequences taken from patents and literature
PlantCircRNA	https://plant.deepbiology.cn/PlantCircRNA/	Plant Circular RNAs
PlasmidScope	https://plasmid.deepomics.org/	Plasmids with rich annotations
PWAS	https://pwas.huji.ac.il/	Proteome-wide association studies
RDBSB	https://www.biosino.org/rdbsb/	Registry and database of bioparts for synthetic biology
RodentGMPOmics Atlas	http://210.22.121.250:8888/Rodent/index/homePage	Rodent genome and pathogen microbiome database
sc2GWAS	https://bio.liclab.net/sc2GWAS/	Relationships between GWAS traits and individual cells
scCancerExplorer	https://bianlab.cn/scCancerExplorer	Single-cell multi-omics data of human cancer
scDrugAct	http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/scDrugAct/	Single-cell Drug Action Atlas
Sci-ModoM	https://scimodom.dieterichlab.org/	Transcriptome-wide high-throughput RNA modification sites
scImmOmics	https://bio.liclab.net/scImmOmics/home	Single-cell multi-omics immune database
scLTdb	https://scltdb.com	Single-cell lineage tracing database
scMMO-atlas	https://www.biosino.org/scMMO-atlas/	Single-cell multimodal omics
scProAtlas	https://relab.xidian.edu.cn/scProAtlas/#/	Single-cell spatial proteomics imaging in human tissues
ScRAPdb	https://www.evomicslab.org/db/ScRAPdb/	Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference assembly panel
scTML	http://sctml.xglab.tech/	Single-cell tumor mutation landscape
scTWASAtlas	https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/sctwas/	Single-cell transcriptome-wide association studies
SMC	https://smc.jgi.doe.gov	Secondary metabolism collaboratory
SoIR	http://soir.bio2db.com	Solanaceae information resource
SPathDB	http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/SPathDB/	Heterogeneity of functional activity from spatial transcriptomics
SpatialRef	http://www.liclab.net/spatialref/	Manually curated spatial omics
stSNV	http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/stSNV/index.jsp	Spatial SNVs in human
SubCELL	https://idrblab.org/subcell	Subcellular compartment-specific interactions
SV4GD	http://bio-computing.hrbmu.edu.cn/SV4GD/	Structural variation for genetic diseases
TranscriptDB	https://transcriptdb.cobius.usherbrooke.ca	Eukaryotic transcript conservation and evolution
VDGE	https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/vdge	Variation database of gene-edited animals
xQTLatlas	http://www.hitxqtl.org.cn/	xQTL at cellular resolution

Table 2.

Updated descriptions of databases most recently published elsewhere

Database name	URL	Short description
COCONUT	https://coconut.naturalproducts.net	Natural products
Enterobase	https://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk, https://enterobase.dsmz.de	Pathogen genomic analyses
FunCoup	https://funcoup.org	Functional association networks
Harmonizome	https://maayanlab.cloud/Harmonizome/	Harmonized gene-attribute associations
MFIB	https://mfib.pbrg.hu	Mutual folding induced by binding
NCBI Taxonomy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/	Curated taxonomy across all domains of life
oriTDB	https://bioinfo-mml.sjtu.edu.cn/oriTDB2/	Origin-of-transfer regions of bacterial mobile genetic elements
PMN	https://plantcyc.org	Plant metabolic network
PTMD	https://ptmd.biocuckoo.cn/	Post-translational modifications linked to disease
SSBD	https://ssbd.riken.jp	Bioimaging data

The ‘Nucleic acid databases’ section contains this Issue’s chosen Breakthrough article, describing the new database for exploring 3D human genomics information, EXPRESSO (4). This collects large amounts of data across 46 tissues and cross-links it to epigenomics and transcriptomics information. Novel visualization tools map this information to architectural features such as compartments and stripes. Options for programmatic access will certainly enhance the database’s reach and the authors plan to extend the database to other species, incorporate new data modalities and allow processing of user data. Other interesting new arrivals include NAIRDB (5), which records Fourier transform infrared data for nucleic acids, a methodology that sheds valuable light on structure and interactions, especially conformational transitions; and Sci-ModoM, a standardized and integrated pan-modification database for RNA epitranscriptomic markers (6).

The standout update of the section comes from the cornerstone resource Refseq, which celebrates 25 years with a paper reflecting on its massive growth of its curated reference gene, transcript and protein sequences (7). The paper describes how genomes are selected for annotation and the different pipelines applied to different kingdoms; and reports on collaborations with many other resources familiar to the Database Issue readership. Also returning after a long hiatus, the VISTA Enhancer Browser reports (8) a 20-fold increase in data including manually curated comparisons between allele data that shed light on enhancers’ roles in human disease. Rfam also contributes a multi-faceted update (9) describing numerous improvements and expansions, from exploiting the latest RNA structure prediction methods to better annotate secondary structure to entries, and better mapping of families to Gene Ontology terms (10), to completion of a process to align Rfam content with the microRNA database miRBase (11).

Among other updates, microRNAs (miRNAs) are particularly well-served by a quintet of returning databases. MirGeneDB (12) catalogues families of miRNAs across species, now covering five new phyla, enabling valuable efforts towards a uniform nomenclature. miRNATissueAtlas (13) captures the expression of miRNAs in human and mouse and reports a seven-fold increase in tissues as well as interesting cross-species comparisons with potential relevance to miRNA therapeutic development. miRStart (14) covers miRNA transcription start sites and now integrates regulation of miRNA expression by transcription factors (TFs). The remaining miRNA databases cover the regulatory functions of the molecules: miRTarBase (15) reports a near-doubling of miRNA-target interactions and integration of further databases to introduce coverage, for example, of miRNA links to drug resistance (16), and miRNAs as biomarkers (17); while TransMir (18) significantly expands in content and introduces more disease-specific TF-miRNA networks and novel sex-specific networks.

Finally, plasmids are covered by the returning PLSDB—which doubles in size, now covers Archaea, and offers more detailed information on host, ecosystem and encoded genes (19)—and two new databases PIPdb (20) and PlasmidScope (21). The former focuses on plasmids in pathogens to help address questions around host range, transmission of antibiotic resistance genes and so on; while the later majors on rich annotation, up to and including predicted protein structures, of almost a million plasmids.

The protein section contains updates from four pillars of bioinformatics research hosted by the EBI. The UniProt paper (22) offers a fascinating overview of how different streams of information feed into manual curation, from the curators’ own targeted papers and other database content [Rhea (23) is a recent focus] to community-contributed batches of papers. The Pfam paper (24) reports especially on the use of AI tools to expand coverage and refine domain boundaries, both using structure predictions from the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database [AFDB; (25)]; and with the Pfam-N approach, where deep learning adds to HMM-based domain detection, and so significantly extends sequence coverage. Interpro (26), which encompasses Pfam and many other domain and family databases, describes how, like many other databases, it is exploring the possibilities of large language models to automatically generate text descriptions of entries. Selection and visualization of new ‘Representative Domains’ is also a small but significant improvement to usability, condensing the sometimes complex multi-track displays for large proteins. Finally from the EBI, the PRIDE database reaches 20 years: its contribution (27) reports increased efforts to reuse, reanalyse and disseminate information to other well-known databases. AI also appears in the form of a chatbot to facilitate users’ navigation of the PRIDE documentation. Elsewhere there are updates too from COG (28), another InterPro member, where secretion systems have been a special focus, alongside RNA modification and multi-domain signal transduction protein families; and from the RCSB (29) which makes its motif search and structural similarity tools accessible to users’ own structures.

The AlphaFold 2 (AF2) revolution continues to be reflected heavily throughout this Issue. The AFDB is now digested by the popular general databases of protein structural domains ECOD (30) and CATH (31), and by the specialist resource RepeatsDB (32). ECOD now classifies domains from over a million proteins and showcases changes to family classification resulting from collaboration with Pfam and initial efforts to include domain-ligand interactions. CATH expands numbers of folds and superfamilies, mainly through additions from the AFDB-derived Encyclopedia of Domains (TED) resource (33): a visually appealing figure of selected new architectures enhances the paper. RepeatsDB, meanwhile, has tripled its content of curated repeat proteins and made improvements to its website. AF2 predictions are a key part of the new database ASpdb (34), which covers human protein isoform structures, using predictions to plug the many gaps in our experimental knowledge. Another important new database in the area, BFVD (35), covers AF2 predictions of viral protein structures, a conspicuous absence in the AFDB. Finally, immune-related proteins are covered by three database updates and a new resource. The updates are from the immune epitope database (36), which celebrates 20 years with custom 3D molecular viewers and improved links to other databases; IPD-MHC (37), which now includes predicted 3D protein structures (and comparisons) and coverage that now includes cetaceans; and TCR3D (38), which showcases a range of improvements such as inclusion of TCR mimic antibodies, of considerable therapeutic interest. The new database, PLAbDab-nano mines the literature and patents to comprehensively cover nanobodies (39).

In the section for metabolism, signalling and enzymes, there are important updates from two foundational databases. STRING (40), for protein associations, now allows users to access functional, physical and regulatory networks separately, and offers upgraded facilities for gene set enrichment analysis; while the KEGG (41) database of pathways and systems describes improvements in coverage of viruses, tools for genome alignment using KEGG-assigned genes and better taxonomic mapping. Equally exciting is an update from CAZY (42), the database of carbohydrate-active enzymes reporting on CAZac (standing for CAZyme activity descriptor), a new framework to systematically describe function which offers fresh insights into the evolution of substrate specificity and mechanisms of CAZymes. Elsewhere, major themes are biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and secondary metabolism; and the natural products that result from their activity. The popular MIBiG resource for BGCs reports the results of a huge community effort that has improved its coverage, accuracy and completeness (43); and is joined by both the BGC Atlas (44) focussing on BGCs in MGnify (45) metagenomics datasets, and by the Secondary Metabolism Collaboratory (46) which adopts a tool-agnostic approach to define 13 million BGCs, encouraging community efforts towards their annotation. The natural products themselves are covered by a trio of updates. NP-MRD (47) focuses on their NMR characterization and reports a seven-fold increase in content; the Natural Products Atlas (48) reports new content, including chemically novel structures, and careful reassignment/correction of many entries; and COCONUT [(49); appearing in NAR for the first time] has an expanded array of data sources resulting in a collection of nearly 700 000 unique structures.

The next section covers viruses and microbes. A new resource, PhageDIVE [sister to BacDIVE, that also updates in this Issue (50)] covers bacteriophages and archaeal viruses (51). New to NAR, and now driven by an international consortium, is the popular Enterobase (52), which covers the genomic epidemiology of bacterial pathogens and now holds over a million genome sequences. Microbiomes, especially the gut microbiome are well covered by an update paper and two interesting new resources. The update comes from gutMGene (53), whose content carefully distinguishes causal and correlative associations between microbes, metabolites and host genes; and which now includes associations derived from metabolic reconstitution. The new databases are MicrobiomeNet (54), which contains around 6 million microbial associations and genome-scale metabolic models for thousands of microbes; and GutMetaNet (55), which looks at horizontal gene transfer and functional redundancy in the human gut microbiome. Also in the section are updates from two important databases in host-pathogen interaction: PHI-base (56) reports the results of an exercise in analysing use case scenarios, resulting in seven distinct modes; while VFDB (57) now expands to include coverage of 900 anti-virulence compounds and their associations with virulence factors.

In the human, model organism and comparative genomics section, arguably the most notable update comes from the major resource dbSNP (58), which celebrates 25 years and where SNPs now number in the billions. SNPs in miRNAs are the focus of the popular miRNASNP (59), where a major expansion away from the original human-only focus sees a further 16 animals covered. For the interpretation of genetic variability, the major resource GWAS Catalog (60) now captures data from 7000 papers; and is joined by GWAShug (61), which offers a notably comprehensive range of analytical and visualization options. The popular WebTWAS (62) also publishes an update reporting significantly increased content and a wider range of algorithmic options. In a similar space, the new xQTLatlas (63) covers an impressive range of omics modalities and analyses tailored to specific cell types and -states.

Two stalwarts of the genomics space, Ensembl (64) and UCSC Genome Browser (63) each publish their usual updates. A major focus for Ensembl is keeping pace with annotation of outputs from biodiversity projects such as the Darwin Tree of Life (65) with a resulting doubling of content on the Rapid Release site. The Browser has 25 new annotation tracks and an array of usability improvements. Feeding into both of these is GENCODE, for human and mouse reference gene annotations, which reaches 20 years with an update (66) discussing current challenges such as distinguishing protein-coding genes from pseudogenes and reliable detection of protein coding potential for short ORFs. Elsewhere there is a huge focus on single-cell and spatial data. Single cell transcriptomes are the focus of the new CELLxGENE platform (67), which collects curated and standardised single-cell transcriptomic data for 93 million cells; and of the returning DISCO resource (68), which has similarly impressive data content and tools, as well as a cell type ontology and associated set of differentially expressed gene signatures. In the same territory, Bgee (69) adds data from 23 more species including those of agronomic and veterinary importance, and nonhuman primates. Paired multi-modal single-cell omics is the focus of scMMO-atlas (70), which illustrates how its content can identify novel cell subsets and developmental states; and scImmOmics (71), which focuses specifically on immune cells and contains data, including multi-modal omics data, for 2.9 million cells. Single-cell genomes are usefully covered by the new HSCGD resource (72), which contains 74 000 genomes and offers useful visualization of copy number variation and single nucleotide variants. Rounding off this section, the Issue contains no fewer than four new databases in the spatial omics space. SpatialRef (73) aggregates millions of manually annotated spots across 17 species and offers abundant spatial transcriptomics analyses, while SPathDB (74) similarly aims to characterize the spatial distribution of pathway function. Finally, stSNV (75) focuses on single nucleotide variants in the human spatial transcriptome, while Pairpot (76) offers paired single-cell and spatial transcriptomics.

Cancer has its usual strong presence in the section on human genomic variation, diseases and drugs. New databases focusing on distinct aspects include metsDB (77) focussed on metastasis from a (single, spatial) gene expression perspective; scDrugAct (78) looking at the influence of tumour microenvironment on drug action using single-cell expression data; and OncoSexome (79), which comprehensively covers sex-based differences in cancer incidence, drug response, etc. Cardiovascular diseases also get their own dedicated database in the form of CVD Atlas (80), which compiles multi-omics information and offers an interactive graph of disease-gene associations alongside other user-friendly browsing and analytical tools. Several other databases look at how genetic variation is linked to disease. Prominent among them, ClinVar (81) contributes an update that describes how it now seeks to expand coverage to somatic cancer variants. CAUSALdb, for linking causal variants and traits, has a strong disease focus and its update (82) reports on a significant increase in content and more sophisticated analytical tools.

Elsewhere, the new, manually curated SV4GD (83) covers the relationships between genome structural variations and genetic disease. Covering the chemical space from which drugs are drawn are both the returning PubChem (84), which now draws on >1000 data sources and contains >100 million compounds; and the new European chemical biology database (85), which includes screening assay data for over 100 000 compounds and offers a wide range of data visualization options. The popular DrugMAP database, which contributes our cover image, now includes information on new aspects such as combinatorial drug treatments, repurposed drugs and off-target drug effects (86). Other updating databases cover specific chemical/drug categories, which are all the focus of intense research. CovalentInDB (87) covers covalent inhibitors and reports the inclusion of cocrystal structures, a profiling of potential covalent binding sites across the high-resolution human structural proteome, and a library of >2 million commercially available chemicals for virtual screening. PROTAC-DB (88) reports a near-doubling of PROTAC number and the addition of pharmacokinetic data where available. Elsewhere in the section, the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database celebrates its 20th anniversary with a suitably reflective paper (89) but one also reporting significant improvements in options to interrogate and visualize its 94 million toxicogenomic associations between chemicals, genes/proteins, phenotypes and diseases. Pharmacogenomics are covered both by the comprehensive knowledge graph approach of PGxDB (90) and by PharmFreq which looks at the variation in pharmacogenes across ethnicities and geography (91).

The plant database section mainly comprises reports on new databases. Sibling databases from the same authors cover different families of plants: SolR (92) features diverse data on 81 species of Solanaceae, among them potato, tomato and pepper, while AMIR (93) offers a similarly multi-dimensional view of Asteraceae such as lettuce, sunflower and chrysanthemum. Two further databases cover classes of RNA in plants: ncPlantDB (94) covers plant non-coding RNAs, their regulatory interactions, and their (contradictorily) encoded peptides; while PlantCircRNA (95) focuses on plant circular RNAs, drawing from the literature, from RNA-seq data and from foregoing more specialized resources. There are also update papers from the venerable Rice Genome Annotation Project (96), which reports a range of enhancements, such as the inclusion of variants from pan-genome projects and genomes from near relatives; and from the PMN resource of plant metabolic pathways, publishing in NAR for the first time, which now covers 155 species and well over a million enzymes (97). The final section features a pleasing variety of databases not readily categorized above. The heavily used NCBI Taxonomy database has an update (98) that focuses particularly on integration into the Datasets portal. Other popular returning databases cover small molecules—Bitterdb reports a major expansion to cover 66 species (99), while mVOC covers volatile organic compounds (100)—or their binding to proteins, with BindingDB describing significant expansion, mainly driven by information mined from patents (101).

NAR online molecular biology database collection

As part of our ongoing efforts, we have continued updating the NAR online Molecular Biology Database Collection (freely available at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/c/) by monitoring unresponsive databases. Over the year we have reviewed and updated 932 entries. 74 new resources listed in this issue were added to the database and 226 entries have been removed. Further curation efforts were made reviewing recent updates and user feedback bringing the total to 2236 databases in this new update. We encourage authors to submit their updates to XMF at xose.m.fernandez@gmail.com in plain text, ideally according to the template found in http://www.oxfordjournals.org/nar/database/summary/1.

Funding

Funding for open access charge: Oxford University Press.

Conflict of interest statement. The authors’ opinions do not necessarily reflect the views of their respective institutions.