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. 2025 Jan 6;23:19. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05977-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Neuroendocrine markers and gene expression regulatory network analysis of lung, small intestine, and liver neuroendocrine carcinoma in GEO data. A Bar graphs: the bar graphs display the composition of major cell types in different GEO single-cell sequencing datasets. GSM5870250, GSM5870256, GSM5870258 represent lung adenocarcinoma; GSM4159164 indicates small intestine neuroendocrine carcinoma (primary lesion); GSM4159165 denotes liver neuroendocrine carcinoma (metastatic lesion). B Cell type proportions: the bar graphs show the proportions of different cell types across various GEO single-cell sequencing datasets (neurons: small cell lung cancer cells, Neurons1/2: small intestine/liver neuroendocrine tumor cells). C Dot plots: the dot plots of GEO data illustrate the expression levels of classic neuroendocrine markers, somatostatin receptors, and transcription factors across different cell subgroups; D RSS plots: the RSS plots reveal regulons specific to neuroendocrine tumor cells (Neurons) in lung neuroendocrine carcinoma. The size of the dots represents the RSS score, and the more yellow the color, the higher the specificity of the regulon in that cell type. E The RSS plots reveal regulons specific to neuroendocrine tumor cells (Neurons1/2) in small intestine and liver neuroendocrine carcinoma. Legends are as same as decribed in D. F Distribution of CEBPD_13g: the distribution of CEBPD_13g within the UMAP dimensionality reduction results is depicted (left) while the ridge plot (top right) and violin plot (bottom) both illustrate the distribution differences of CEBPD_13g across various samples. G, H, I TFs’ Distribution: G, H, and I display the distribution differences of NFIB_39g, ETV1_20g, and FOS_60g across different samples, with legends corresponding to F. J Network diagram: the network diagram reveals the intersection of gene expression regulatory networks between small cell neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma and small cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma. Blue represents transcription factors common to both; green denotes transcription factors or target genes shared by both